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Young MerVs Christian Association, 

NASHUA, N. H. 
NOT TO BETAKEN FAOM THIS ROOM, 



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YoungMc-^'^r^ ' ' ' ccbtion. 
NOT TO BETAKEN FROM THIS ROOM. 



im: E ix: I c o 

BY THE FRENCH ; 

AI^D THE REIGK OF P / 

MAXIMILIAN I., 

WITH A SKETCH OF 

THE EMPRESS CARLOTA. 



BY 

FREDERIC HALL, 

One of His Majesty's Legal, Adviseijs. 



" Fiat justitict mat coshim." 



NEW YORK : 

JAMES MILLER, PUBLISHEE, 

7 7 9 Broadway. 






Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1868. 

By FREDERIC HALL, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Conrt of the United States for the 

Southern District of New York. 



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-^ iPS,oi?T::x-.';-^r of s<- ' 
Young Men's Chr-''- < Aocociation, 

NASHmi, li H. 
NOT TO BE TAKEN FROM THIS ROOM. 

PREFACE. 



^ I ^WO great events of the last half of the Nineteenth 
Century will stand out like embossed inscriptions 
on the pages of American history, all crimsoned with 
the blood of the murdered. And the advancing waves 
of Time will not eiface them, nor the names of those 
who prominently figured therein. President Lincoln 
was the victim of the one, and Ferdinand Maximilian 
of the other. The essential difference characterizing 
the two is, that the tragedy of the latter followed a 
^adicial farce, and was j)erformed by a IS'ation, while 
iiiat of the former, unaccompanied by a farcical show, 
was perpetrated by a private individual. 

The trial and execution of an Emperor are not of so 
frequent occurrence as not to produce excitement, and 
attract attention all over the civilized world. The his- 
tory of such events, and of the life of him who formed 
the great subject thereof, cannot fail to be observed 
with more than ordinary interest, although recorded in 
a homely style. 

The meeting in that tragical scene of Republicanism 



4 PREFACE. 

and Imperialism will somewhat heighten the desire to 
scan with a piercing eye, to probe to the bottom the 
feelings, the passions, the seething hate, that actuated 
and governed the whole act. 

I have endeavored to portray succinctly, in the first 
chapter, a history of the leading events which mark the 
Austrian nation and the House of Hapsburg, that the 
reader may carry in his mind that picture of the past, 
while he surveys the portrait of one of the late descend- 
ants of that ancient line of Imperialism. 

It has not been my purpose to give a history of the 
Mexican Empire during the reign of Maximilian, but to 
detail his personal qualities and actions; and to con- 
cisely state the facts and law pertaining to his trial; 
adding thereto a short biographical sketch of his affec- 
tionate and talented spouse, the Empress Carlota. 

The biography of a ruler necessarily includes many 
important facts that peculiarly belong to the historical 
records of his nation. But the main subject of the one 
excludes the bulk of the other. 

It has not unfrequently been observed that the biog- 
raphies of Sovereigns and Statesmen usually contain 
too much of State documents to interest the general 
reader, and not sufficient of the minuti^s of their private 
life. In other words, the majority of the reading com- 
munity wish to see the person live, as it were. I have 
sought to weave both herein. The most of the docu- 



PREFACE. 5 

mentary statements are contained in the chapter which 
relates to the trial of the Emperor ; and in this instance 
will perhaps be, to many, the most interesting portion 
of the work, particularly to those of the legal profession, 
and to statesmen. 

I gathered my materials and nearly completed the 
work while in Mexico, and was most diligent in my 
exertions to collect facts. And the task of sifting the 
truth from the many false rumors, in my researches, 
was not an easy one. The variety of statements placed 
in circulation during battles and sieges is great; and 
many incorrect and improbable stories are related by 
honest persons, believing them to be authenticated 
facts. Those who have observed criminal proceedings 
in a court of justice, and have heard half a dozen or 
more witnesses relate their conflicting stories as to what 
occurred at the time of the committing of the alleged 
crimes, will readily understand all this. Scarcely any 
two individuals hear or see alike all of the actions and 
sayings in a conflict of arms between either small or 
large forces. 

I trust I shall not be charged with either vanity or 
egotism in recording the many brief conversations be- 
tween His Majesty and myself To most persons, the 
exact expressions of an emperor, under the circum- 
stances in which I met Maximilian, are fraught with 
greater interest than the chronicle of events which 



6 PKEFACE. 

transpired while he swayed with full power on the im- 
perial throne. 

What I have written in regard to the relative value 
and progress of the Empire and Republic of Mexico, 
has not been prompted by any tincture of taste for 
Imperialism, nor by any personal enmity to the Presi- 
dent or Cabinet of the Republic, with whom I have had 
none but amicable relations. 

The engraving of the place where the execution of 
the Emperor occurred is taken from an excellent draw- 
ing made for me by my friend, Mr. JoHisf M. Peice, an 
English gentleman, and engineer on the Vera Cruz 
Railroad. It is a far better view than any photograj^h 
ever taken of that ground. None were taken at the 
very time of the execution. 

If I have failed to embalm the name of that good 
man, Maximiliais-, in a pleasant style, I hope that the 
value and interest found in the materials of this work 
will compensate for the poverty of their dress. 

FREDERIC HALL. 

EuTLAND, Vt., December, 1867. 



MAXIMILIAI^. 



CHAPTER I. 



Austria — Her accessions — House of Hapsburg — Its origin — Descendants 

tliereof, 

COULD we count backward the notches on the long 
measure of Time, for ten centuries, and by a magic 
wand bring up the then living from their subterraneous 
dwellings, in a certain part of the territory watered by 
the Danube, the ear would catch the sound of Oest-reich 
(east country), as the appellation of Austria. That ter- 
ritory was the nucleus around which, subsequently, has 
been formed the great Austrian empire. 

If we carefully view that empire through the long 
vista of ages, we shall not fail to observe that its polit- 
ical and territorial phases have been more diverse than 
the number of the centuries. 

If we now examine it in a geographical, ethnographi- 
cal, and linguistic point of view, we shall consider it a 
curious piece of Mosaic work. It has been observed 
that the ethnographical map of Austria exhibits one 
hundred and twenty different groups of nationalities, 
and the number of linguistic groups nearly two thou- 
sand. It susfffcsts itself to one's mind that the workers 



8 MAXIMILIAN. 

on the Tower of Babel might have settled there. If, by 
a vote of those different races, the pieces of that artistic 
work could be disunited, what great political artist 
would be able to replace them ? 

If the diversified lands of that empire have long been 
illuminated by the gladsome light of peace, they, too, 
have had their share of the blazing light of camp-fires. 
And as their mighty hosts clashed the glittering steel, 
they counterfeited the stars of heaven. 

If we glance at the variations made by the finger of 
Time, as it has traced the exterior lines of that emjm'e, 
we shall see that it has been as meandering in its course 
as the winding Amazon. 

As we review the history of Austria, in all its points, 
we shall be unmistakably impressed with the fact, that, 
with its governing power, there has been talent, genius, 
great foresight, and indomitable will. And if its rulers 
have given value and importance to things according to 
their dimensions, it is only what political history will 
attribute to every other powerful nation. The charge 
of the aggrandizement of territory would bring more 
than Austria into the culprit's box. And if the culprits 
were to be tried in the order of the maofnitude of their 
crimes, Austria might not be first upon the list. 

If, among the various groups of her subjects, and the 
diversity of their interests, there has been much com- 
plaining against the throne, the same has been witnessed 
by every other nation, at different periods, although the 
cause of the one may not have been that of the others. 
Still some cause has existed, in the estimation of the mal- 
contents, for the complaint. 

During a long period of time, the dukes of Austria 
sprang from the House of Bamberg. The governors of 
Austria received the title of dukes in the 12th century. 
Death, that never-failing visitor, at his appointed time 
walked in, and drew a notable mark on the family 



MAXIMILIAN. 9 

record of that house, in the year a, d. 1246. That visitor 
then carried away the Last of the male line thereof. 
Soon thereafter the main study of the inhabitants of 
that empire was skill in the use of the sword, the battle- 
axe, and the spear. There was a long struggle with the 
contending elements of war. The times, the circum- 
stances, did not fail to present a man of powerful mind, 
a leader of men, who shaped events according to his 
will. That man was Rudolph of Hapsbukg, Emperor 
of Germany, who was born in 1218, and son of Albert 
IV., Count of Hapsburg. 

He placed his son Albert upon the throne of Austria, 
in the year 1282. Thus dates the beginning of that 
illustrious House of Hapsburg, as connected with Austria, 
which has so long, so powerfully, and so successfully 
swayed the destinies of a vast portion of Europe ; al- 
though, as has been observed, not without its terrible 
struggles, its alternate losses and gains. 

As the years rolled on, the circle of its territorial ju- 
risdiction extended wider and wider, by the force of mar- 
riage, purchase, and inheritance, until its superficial area 
had expanded far beyond that of any other State in the 
German Empire. This vast accession of territory neces- 
sarily elevated the rank of its sovereign head. Kodolph 
IV. assumed the title of Archduke Palatine in 1359; 
and he further marks his reign by the acquisition of 
Tyrol, in 1363. To the Archdukes thereof was allotted 
the high position of Emperor of the mighty Germanic 
Empire. As we trace back its history, we observe that 
on the list of emperors taken from among those Arch- 
dukes, the first was Alfred 11., who acknowledged the 
receipt of that irajDcrial crown in the year 1438. 

The holy link of matrimony that united the exceed- 
ingly ambitious Maximilian I., at the age of eighteen, 
to Mary, daughter of Charles the Bold, Duke of Bur- 
gundy, in 1477, became as it were an extension of 



10 MAXIMILIANS". 

Austria's territorial chain, which enclosed Flanders, 
Franche Conte, and all the Low Countries. Likewise the 
ceremony of marriage of Ferdinand L with Ann, sister 
of Louis, King of Hungary and Bohemia, in 1521, was 
but the seed sown for another national harvest for 
Austria. That harvest became effectual on the death 
of the said king, which event transpired at the battle of 
Mohaez, in the year a. d. 1526; when Ferdinand gath- 
ered the two latter kingdoms into the great storehouse 
of his empire. 

Upon the history of the sixteenth century, the bold, 
the enterprising, and ambitious Charles V. left his mark 
indelibly stamped. His own ambitious designs roused 
up the internal vigor of other nations more than the in- 
fluence of any other sovereign head in Europe. His 
success was startling, and viewed Avith jealousy. The 
acquisitions of Austria, in his day, were unequalled by 
those of any other power. He was the great captain of 
the age, in whom was embodied the advancing spirit of 
the times. He was the ruler of half the world. He 
was the great shining light among crowned heads, and 
he shed his lustre on the surrounding kingdoms. His 
knowledge of men was remarkable. He adapted their 
talents and abilities to their proper sphere, as readily 
and as appropriately as a joiner fits his various pieces of 
work together. 

He was born at Ghent, on the 24th day of February, 
in the year 1500. He was the son of Philip the Hand- 
some, Archduke of Austria, and grandson of Maximilian 
and Mary, — the latter being the only child of Charles 
the Bold. 

The blood of Charles V. trickled down through the 
veins of the late Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, who 
was not the only Maximilian that suffered imprisonment. 
The grandfather of Charles V. attempted, with an in- 
adequate force, to take the city of Bruges, in 1488; the 



MAXIMILIAN, 1 1 

result of which was, that he became imprisoned, but 
afterward favored wdth his liberty by giving hostao-es 
for his fidelity. 

The increasing fear of other European States, occa- 
sioned by the territorial aggrandizement of Austria and 
the feuds between Protestants and Catholics, produced the 
Thirty Years' War, that commenced in 1 6 1 8. The result 
of its termination w^as the treaty of Westphalia, in 1648, 
which secured the independence of the German States. 

By the treaty of Utrecht, Austria gained the Italian 
provinces, in 1713. 

The power, the wealth, the lustre of Austria could 
not protect its crowned heads from that fate which is re- 
served for all mortals. The last of the male line of the 
House of Hapsburg answered the summons from the 
grave, in the year a. d. 1720. That summons was 
served on Charles II. In consequence thereof the suc- 
cession to that throne fell to his daughter Maria Theresa, 
who was succeeded by her son, Joseph II. 

Francis II., at the age of 24, became Emperor of Ger- 
many, King of Bohemia, Hungary, etc., having succeeded 
his father, Leopold II., in 1792. Some of his claims and 
pretensions were contested, and the field of battle be- 
came the forum of trial and decision. After three un- 
successful campaigns, at different periods, against the 
French, he lost much of his territory. The decision 
thereon, made by the sword, was registered by the pen, 
in the treaty of Presburg. In 1804, he assumed the 
title of Francis I., Emperor of Austria; and in 1806 
yielded up that of Emperor of Germany. Thus, through 
an unbroken line, male and female, did the House of 
Hapsburg hold the dignity of the title of Emperor of 
Germany from 1437 until 1806, when the dissolution 
of that great Germanic empire was recorded as an his- 
torical fact. 

Francis doubtless thought that he had taken out a 



12 MAXIMILIA]?r. 

policy of insurance when he gave the hand of his daugh- 
ter, Maria Louisa, to ISTapoleon I. in 1810. But the 
premium paid produced no security. Francis found it 
necessary to array himself against his son-in-law, in 1813, 
on account of the unbounded ambition of the latter. He 
united with Russia and Prussia, entered the field him- 
self against France, and there remained with his forces 
until peace. The darkness which then overhung Europe, 
was only dispelled by the glimmering light of the sword ; 
and the gleaming thereof guided the pen that recorded 
the treaty of 1815. By which treaty, not only did Fran- 
cis I. regain the greater part of his lost territory, but 
cemented firmer than ever the contending elements of 
the Austrian Empire. 

Francis I. died in 1835, leaving the throne to his son 
Ferdinand I., who, in consequence of the political revo- 
lution in 1848, the fatigue of State afiairs, added to an 
enfeebled state of health, decided to abdicate, at Olmutz, 
the 2d of December of that year, in favor of his brother, 
Archduke Francis Charles ; who on the same day trans- 
ferred his right to that throne to his eldest son, who 
was declared to be of the age of majority at 18, and 
who is the present Emperor of Austria. The storm 
then gathering over the house of Hapsburg was threat- 
ening, and augured danger. Hungary refused to recog- 
nize the new monarch, and constituted a Republic, 
under Kossuth, April 14th, 1849, which was short in its 
duration. By August, the superior force of Austria 
became victorious, and Hungary a conquered province. 
Fickle-handed Fortune was not more constant to Austria 
than to others. The Empire has lost beautiful Venice — 
the territory over which His Majesty Maximilian gov- 
erned a short period, with leniency, receiving on his de- 
parture evidence of affection and regret on the part of 
the subjects therein. 

Such is a brief outline of some of the noted changes 



maximilia:^-. 13 

and conditions of the Austrian Empire and its rulers, 
during a long period of centuries. This roll of Austrian 
history Ave will hero tie up. 

The foregoing has been written that the mind of the 
reader may be refreshened by a glance at some of the 
prominent characteristic features of the history of that 
country and family whence sprang the main subject of 
this work. 

If it may sometimes be said that, among the numerous 
streams that flow from the same pure source, some, 
whose waters are not limpid, may be discerned, it can- 
not thus be stated of that branch of the Hapsburg foun- 
tain which wound its way into the North American 
Continent. That branch has dried up. The drying up 
thereof caused millions of human tears to gush forth. 
But whilst it ran it was crystal clear, and beneath its 
radiant surface were seen the shmmg pebbles of Truth, 
Honor, Justice, and Charity. 

Let us drop the curtain over long-past events, and 
bring up in review scenes of a nearer date. 



CHAPTER II. 

Maximilian— His birth— Family— Imperial robe— Personal description— Edu- 
cation — Travels — Marriage — Letter from Estrada to Maximilian, 1861 — 
His reply— Farewell of Trieste to Maximilian — His answer. 

" His life was gentle ; and the elements 
So mixed in him, that Nature might stand up, 
And say to all the world. This was a man /" 

ShAKSPEARE— J. CiESAR 

FERDINAND MAXIMILIAN, late Emperor of 
Mexico, who could trace a blood connection for 
nearly six centuries with the ruling monarchs of Austria, 
and who at an early period of life made the last move 
on the great chessboard of nations, has been the subject 
of much thought and the topic of much conversation. 
Alas ! to many, the subject of sad thoughts, in mournful 
silence. 

It may be said that leaving the ancient grounds of 
Imperialism, to found a new dynasty in the New World, 
while the tide of Republicanism was rolling up to the 
confines of the American Continent, was a great error 
into which he fell ; but if so, it was an error of the head 
and not of the heart. 

Whatever may be the odium which some of the in- 
habitants within his new territorial sphere may have 
heaped upon him, it cannot dim the lustre in which his 
name will appear, not only to thousands of Mexicans, 
but to the candid people of every other nation. His 
character, like that of every other man of position, will 
doubtless be traced in opposite colors ; for who has not 
some enemies ? And who is perfect ? 

*' No human quality is so well wove 
In warp and woof, but there's some flaw in it." ^. 



JIAXlMILIAJf. 15 

It was not his sin, but his misfortune that he was 
caught in the eddy of betrayal, in which, by a breeze 
from the atmosphere of vengeance, he was carried down. 
From those who knew him well, he will receive a 
righteous judgment. Let the now living read the evi- 
dence, before their sentence shall be recorded. 

*' According to his virtues, let us use him." 

Whatever posterity may say, we can only surmise. 
Let us hope that the present age will furnish them only 
with the proper materials. 

" The form of thought 
Goes with the age — the thought is for ail time." 

Maximilian was born in the palace of Schonburn, near 
Vienna, on the 6th day of July, a. d. 1832. He was 
the second son of Francis Charles, Archduke of Austria, 
and of the Archduchess Frederica Sophia. His flxther 
was born on the 1th. day of December, 1802: his 
mother, on the 27th day of January, 1805. They were 
married November 4th, 1824. They are now living, to 
mourn the loss of their renowned and affectionate son. 

The eldest brother of Maximilian is Francis Joseph L, 
present Emperor of the Austrian Empire, who was born 
August 18th, 1830. The younger brothers are Charles 
Louis, Archduke of Austria, born July 30th, 1833; and 
Louis Victor, Archduke of Austria, born May 15th, 1842. 

In the first engraving we see Maximilian mantled in 
his imperial robe of purple, united with the white er- 
mine. He has on a coat of dark blue, bearing the 
uniform of a Mexican general with decorations; a scarf 
with the Mexican eagle ; a sabre ; high military boots ; 
his sceptre in his right hand, and crown resting on the 
table behind it. That robe was never worn except for 
the purpose of having his portrait taken in it ; which 



16 lifAXIMILIAK. 

portrait was painted in Mexico, and from which photo- 
graphs were made ; and the engraving herein was copied 
from one of those j^hotographs. No State occasion ever 
occurred on which it became necessary for Maximilian 
to present himself in that imperial splendor of purple 
and white, with crown and sceptre. Had any event 
required that regal pomp, he would have graced in 
stately style the robe, with all the dignity of Charles 
v., united to far more gentleness of manner. But in 
truth he had no anxious desire to dress in o-oro-eous 
pomp. He dressed plainly, and the insignia of rank were 
only exhibited when time and place, by the rules of eti- 
quette, demanded it. 

Maximilian was about six feet and two inches in 
height, well-proportioned, light complexion, large blue 
and penetrating eyes, high and broad forehead, and 
rather large mouth ; his hair was light flaxen-color, and 
rather thin in quantity, Avhich he parted in the centre 
of his forehead, and also in the middle of the back part 
of his head, brushing the same forward. His whiskers, 
moustache, and goatee, were lighter colored than his 
hair, and very long ; particularly the goatee, which he 
parted in the centre of his chin and twisted each half to 
its respective side, turning the same under, thereby 
making its length not clearly observable. He possessed 
a fine, intelligent, and commanding look ; stood straight, 
and withal had a pleasantness of expression. He was 
favored with a natural kindness of temper — an urbanity, 
elegance, and refinement of deportment, which, it may 
be said, would be expected from one who had received 
the advantages of a familiar intercourse with the highly 
polished personages of the European Courts. Yet it 
may well be remarked, that Nature gave him a greater 
share of mildness of temperament than is allotted to the 
majority of mankind. That quality was apparent on all 
occasions, and it made him troops of friends. 



MAXIMILIAN-. 1 7 

He spoke German, English, Hungarian, Slavonic, 
French, Italian, and Spanish. Prince Esteraze was his 
teacher in the Hungarian language ; Count de Schny- 
der, in mathematics ; Baron de Binther, in diplomacy ; 
Rev. Mr. Myre, in religious instructions ; and for some 
time by Vice- Admiral Thomas Zerman, in naval tactics 
and the Italian language. All of said teachers, except 
the latter, are now living. 

If it be true, as generally remarked, that the influence 
of the mother shapes the mind of the child, more than 
that of the father, Maximilian had a very superior in- 
structor in every point of view. His mother possesses 
a mind of rare endowment ; great natural qualities com- 
bined with extraordinary and varied attainments, ac- 
quired by attentive observation, and a severe training 
of her mental faculties. Her great ambition, and the 
pride that would naturally spring from her position, 
could not have failed to stimulate her to extend an ever 
watchful care over the physical and mental being of 
her son. 

Maximilian, although surrounded by royalty and 
wealth, was not the associate of idleness. His youthful 
mind was exceedingly active ; and no less so were his 
bodily movements. He was accustomed to perform 
those athletic feats that strengthen the muscles, and 
which are requisite for great mental vigor. His mother 
had not forgotten that nature provides that in the earlier 
growth, the frame- work must be well constructed, in order 
to support the later growth in harmony and health. 

It was observed in him at an early age, that he pos- 
sessed a strong relish for books. The rapidity with 
which he garnered up knowledge into the storehouse 
of his mind, gave conclusive evidence of talent, of clear- 
ness of thought, and of great ambition. And as he be- 
came of that age when he was able to discern his own 
position, he began to fix his attention upon a future 



18 maximilia:^. 

fraught with the elements of success, and to mark out a 
road that might lead safely to it. Although he could 
only conjecture as to his future destiny, he cherished 
exalted views, and resolved to so adorn his mind that it 
would be able to reflect lustre in any position that might 
perchance fall to his lot. He looked back along the 
line of his ancient family, and saw the bright intellectual 
lights at their respective stations ; then ambition flamed 
his own mind as he wheeled about and fancied he saw 
posterity gazing at him, in the regular order of that 
same line. 

He was most laborious mth his books ; his knowledge 
was varied ; he delved into the abstruse sciences, fami- 
liarized himself with ancient and modern history, and, 
as has been stated, his attainments in linguistics were 
of a high order, having been well instructed in the dead 
as well as the living languages. As he had determined 
to prepare himself for the navy, he made the science and 
art of navigation special studies. He entered the Aus- 
trian navy at an early age, and received a most severe 
training in the tactics and practice pertaining thereto. 
His proficiency soon became remarkable; and he was 
made a lieutenant at the age of eighteen. Although 
thoroughly drilled in solid studies, he was possessed of 
the love of aesthetics ; he admired the beauties of art, 
and for them, he cultivated, with an increasing aj^petite, 
his taste. 

At an early age he acquired a desire to travel — to 
compare what fancy had drawn, with the originals in 
other lands. It was a pleasant relish to feed his mind 
upon the beauties of statuary, architecture, poetry, and 
painting. His mind was such a storehouse of ancient 
and modern learning, that he was prepared to drink in 
the exquisite beauties of art. He thought of Greece and 
Rome as great galleries of fine arts. At the age of six- 
teen he visited Greece. And there he could spend hours 



MAXIMlLIAN^. 19 

gazing on those ancient statues modelled to deify the 
human form, and trace their well-defined outlines, their 
beauties; and then pause for a moment and contem- 
plate the character of the race, which so long ago so 
exquisitely used the chisel. 

Leaving Greece, he A^sited Italy, Spain, Portugal ; 
thence he travelled to the island of Madeira, crossed the 
African provinces, studied the character of the country, 
the people, their colonization system, and their forms of 
government. He had a keen perception, a polished 
mind, such as is ready to take correct impressions of 
what he saw. He had sufficient knowledge to travel 
with : so that he was able to bring back more. The richly 
colored tales that had been woven about fair Italy, her 
arts, her entombed artists — the land of the Caesars — had 
fascinated and charmed his youthful mind ; and it was 
with eagerness, with enthusiasm, that he held the ideal 
picture beside the real. He well knew that while curi- 
osity was excited, his knowledge was increased. If 
lie had been in error concerning the realities, he now 
dropped the errors as he detected them. 

After his return home, he applied himself more to the 
study of marine duties. In 1854, he sailed as commander 
in the corvette Minerva^ on an exploring expedition 
along the coast of Albania and Dalmatia. 

While riding out one day at Trieste, his horse fell 
down with him, bruising him considerably, causing 
the blood to flow rather profusely, and rendering him 
for a time senseless. After recovering his proper state 
of mind, and feeling about a little, and finding that he 
was in the house of a ship-caulker, where he was kindly 
treated, he wished to pay the occupiers of the house 
some compliment ; and in perfect keeping with his good 
nature, he observed to them that he would like to re- 
main there until he became well, adding that in no other 
place would he be so well cared for. 



20 MAXIMILTAK. 

Afterward, while on the lllnerva, he received a com- 
mission as Vice- Admiral and Commander-in-chief of the 
Austrian navy, which caused him to return immediately 
to Vienna. 

The summer of 1855 found Maximilian ready for an- 
other pleasure-tour. He boarded the Admiral-ship, 
Siom'tzenberg^ and accompanied by a fleet of seventeen 
sail, steamed for Candia, the Archipelago, and coasted 
along Syria; traversed Lebanon, the Holy Land, to 
Jerusalem. Thence he sailed for Alexandria, in Egypt. 
After a short visit there, he proceeded to Cairo and 
the Pyramids; thence to Memphis and the Red Sea, — 
not failing to closely observe the preparatory works 
of the then contemplated canal across the Isthmus 
of Suez. And as he stood gazing upon the apex of 
the mighty Cheops, viewing on the one hand the vast 
desert, and on the other the luxuriant vesture of the 
Valley of the Nile, the view might have suggested to 
his mind, that it was emblematical of royalty and pov- 
erty side by side. 

After bidding farewell to the sandy desert, he returned 
home. 

In 1856, he visited the Emperor of France, spending 
over two weeks at the palace of St. Cloud. The time 
there was doubtless passed most agreeably ; and their 
mutual friendship increased with the visit. Whether 
ten years' time produced the snapping asunder of the 
chain of friendship that bound them, is not for me to 
say, as I wish to do no injustice to Napoleon, nor the 
memory of the departed, nor his friends. Some are of 
opinion that while Napoleon sat comfortably and se- 
curely in Paris, and Maximilian on the weak throne of 
Mexico, the cord of friendship w^ould have been greatly 
strengthened by threads of silver — an article so much 
needed and expected by the latter. 

After that visit with Napoleon had been finished, 



MAXIMILIAlSr. 2 1 

Maximilian proceeded through Belgium and Holland to 
Northern Germany ; also to Southern Germany and the 
banks of the Rhine, admiring with intense interest the 
beauties presented to the view in those densely populated 
recfions, where art and nature had combined in formins: 
the useful and the beautiful. 

That Maximilian was excessively fond of travelling, 
we have already had ample proof: that he profited by 
it, is equally clear. While the scenes of Belgium and 
the Khine were still freshly pictured in his memory, he 
returned attain to o-lance at the orimnals. In 1857, he 
glided upon the beautiful waters of the Khine, where 
the Avorks of the ancients and moderns stand out in bold 
contrast. His eyes caught this and that ancient castle ; 
and while thus closely viewing the footprints of Time, 
he turned his thoughts inwardly and looked upon a page 
of memory, and read the date, the history of the walls 
and grounds of many a contest that lay before him — the 
lords and knights all steeled in armor, who mingled 
there in the affray. And may he not have said : " What 
one of Hapsburg was there ?" 

Pie passed thence into Lombardy and Central Italy, 
and then to Merry Old England, where he passed an 
exceedingly pleasant time, judging from the manner in 
which he spoke of Queen Victoria. He never mentioned 
her name but in the greatest kindness in my presence. 
When there, he felt that he was among true friends. 
Taking his departure therefrom for the second time, he 
found himself in Belgium. That busy land soon came 
to be the centre of his attractions. He had before ob- 
served there the works of art with much interest : that 
densely thronged country, where nearly every foot of 
land is cultivated, had agriculturally drawn his atten- 
tion. But now there was something of more importance 
than all those. The object was not the skill of art — 
Xo ! art could not adorn it. It illuminated his whole 



22 MAXIMILIAN. 

being. He felt tlie heart-strings pull. They led him 
always to the house of royalty. It might be said that 
his rank and position would lead him there ; that is true, 
but his stays were longer. If he left, his heart prompted 
him to return forthwith. The great charmer was there. 
To him, all that was lovely, divinely beautiful, were em- 
bodied in the Princess Maria Charlotte Amalia. On the 
2d of July, 1857, Count Arquinto, imperial ambassador, 
in solemn audience, in behalf of Maximilian, asked King 
Leopold I. for the hand of his daughter, Princess Char- 
lotte. The request was granted, and during that same 
month they w^ere married. That ceremony was not 
merely an imperial tie — it was a linking together of two 
happy, loving hearts. The waters of two meeting 
streams do not more harmoniously mingle into one, than 
did those two hearts. 

The brightest jewel in his crown was her love. It 
threw its dazzling rays all over and around him. Its 
brilliancy never lessened. If darkness was apparently 
about to cast a shade over his path, the lustre of that 
jewel dispelled it. In the summer of 1857 he was made 
Governor-General of Lombard- Venice, in which position 
he remained until July, 1859 ; still holding that of Supe- 
rior Commander of the Austrian navy. No man ever 
reigned over that country more beloved by its people 
than Maximilian. He suggested many reforms in the 
administration of affairs in that kingdom. He was re- 
markably liberal in his views, and he exhibited there 
high qualities as a statesman. His keen foresight, his 
plans, his real desire to benefit the people, and their at- 
tachment for him, were not unobserved by Count de 
Cavour, who once remarked that " Archduke Maximilian 
is the only adversary I fear, because he represents 
the only principle that can forever enchain our Italian 
cause." 

Whenever any great afiliction fell upon the people, or 



MAXIMILIAN 23 

any part of them, he was the first to render succor. At 
the great fire in Chigrenlo, he cheered up the men, lest 
they should sink back in despair at the progress of the 
frightful elements. And when the Po, the Ambro, the 
Ticino, came surging over their banks, spreading devas- 
tation around, he darted off in a frail bark to give aid 
to the unfortunate who had neither food nor shelter. 
Nor did the cold snows and icicles of the Alps deter 
him from ascending thereon to visit Valtelina, as hunger 
was gnawing away at human hearts. When disease 
carried death to the silkworms, with such fury that the 
silk-looms of Lecio stopped their motion, and left willing 
workers idle and in want, Maximilian did not forget to 
perform works of charity, which, to him, were always a 
pleasure. 

On the sixteenth day of September, 1857, he and the 
Archduchess Carlotta made their grand entrance into 
the city of Milan. The poj^ulace were wild with excite- 
ment ; shout after shout, mingled with music, were 
deafening to the ear. Scarcely ever did that city give 
such a universal shout of welcome to mortal man. His 
residence tJiere did not lessen their affection for him, but 
only increased it. 

The Italians watched him with pleasure, mingled with 
surprise ; for no Austrian, in their judgment, had ever 
extended so generously the hand of charity, or viewed 
them with so much good-will. His own generous heart 
was his bodyguard. He needed no other, even in times 
of political excitement , although he had some enemies 
from his position. He was always shielded with the 
armor of generosity. About the time of the contempla- 
ted assassination by Orsini, he was told that some parties 
would seek an opportunity to throw a bombshell under 
his carriage ; and many of his friends begged him not 
to attend the theatre. Although thankful for the inter- 
est those friends had taken in his welfare, their entreaties 



24 MAXIMILIAN. 

he considered of the same importance as the threats of 
the public agitators. As he entered his carriage with 
Count de Stromboli, having no escort to guard them, 
he remarked, "If we jump, it will be in good com- 
pany." 

He showed the populace what confidence he had in 
their friendship. It was not misplaced. They felt a 
pride in sustaining it. Among the aristocracy some 
hostile feelings were fomenting against him. An organ- 
ization had been made to vent their spleen upon him in 
the Piazzetta. He made up his mind to stem the cur- 
rent, that he might learn its force. He, with the Arch- 
duchess Carlotta, walked among the group of malcon- 
tents, with a firm step ; the crowd parted like the Red Sea 
when the Israelites passed through. After about an hour's 
promenade they returned to their palace of San Marcos, 
followed by an immense crowd, that cheered them with 
great enthusiasm. No living man, not an Italian, could 
have governed there without having enemies ; and, prob- 
ably, no foreigner could have reigned with as few ene- 
mies as he. 

The desire of the Italians and Maximilian to preserve 
the works of the fine arts was mutual. The works of 
those great masters, their ancestors, were the artistic 
and historic monuments of the Lombards and Venetians. 
And he whose pride and pleasure mingled with their 
own in that work of preservation, was their friend, and 
they his. 

The cities of Venice, Milan, Como, and other places, 
bear test of his beneficial improvements in their streets, 
canals, public gardens, and their cleanliness. 

The city of Pola is greatly indebted to Maximilian 
for its resuscitation. He caused several edifices to be 
constructed there, planted gardens, built a large dike, 
an aqueduct, an arsenal, and three docks. After the 
expiration of the term of his governorship in Italy, he 



MAXIMILIAN. 25 

paid mucli attention to the improvement of tlie navy, 
and made the fleet of Austria, in proportion to its size, 
not inferior to any in Europe. 

After the war in Italy, and about the middle of No- 
vember, 1859, he made a A^oyage to Brazil, and returned 
home in the forejmrt of the month of April foil owning. 

It is apparent from my foregoing observations, that 
Maximilian's range of study and reading was extensive. 
And while he thus drew from so many well-springs of 
knowledge, he considered that he himself might impart 
to others from his well-moulded thoughts, ideas of in- 
terest and of value. His linguistic attainments showed 
an aptness for the learning of languages ; and this fact 
itself, is some evidence that the expression of his 
thoughts in writing would be in no ineleg-ant form^ He 
has presented the proof of my assertion, in the various 
works which he wrote in the German language; al- 
though not written for the purpose of public distribu- 
tion and sale, but for his own use and gratification, and 
the pleasure of his particular friends. A few copies 
were printed by the government of Austria, at Vienna ; 
some of which were circulated among his friends and 
acquaintance. Since the death of Maximilian, it has 
been decided to extend their publication, for the purpose 
of sale to the public. Those works are the following : 
Sketches of travels, known as " Italy," " Sicily," " Lisbon 
and Madeira," " Spain," " Albania and Algiers," " Voy- 
age to Brazil," " Aphorisms," " Objects of a Navy," 
"The Austrian Navy:" also two volumes of poetry, 
which I believe have never been published. German 
scholars, who have had an opportunity to peruse some 
of the foregoing books, have j^ronounced them works 
liighly creditable to the author, not only as to the prin- 
ciples advanced, the deep thought and argumentative 
style in some of them, but also for the elegance of dic- 
tion in which they are clothed. 



26 MAXIMILIAN". 

It ajopears that some of the Mexican people had, at an 
early date, and long before then- deputation first pre- 
sented themselves at Miramar, addressed His Imperial 
Highness Maximilian upon the subject of his occupancy 
of a throne in Mexico. The following letter was the 
first correspondence upon that subject, and was written 
by Seiior Gutierrez de Estrada, on behalf of himself and 
many other Mexicans : 

" Paris, October 30th, 1861. 
" Peince : 

" With profound respect, the undersigned have the 
honor to address Your Imperial and Royal Highness, 
in testimony of the deep feeling and sincere gratitude 
which they have felt, on learning that Your Imperial 
and Royal Highness was animated with the most gen- 
erous sentiments toward our unfortunate country. 

" Mexico, the spoil of intestine convulsions, renewed 
without cessation, and of disastrous civil Avars, in conse- 
quence of the rigid adoption of a political system diametri- 
cally opposed to the customs, traditions, and dispositions 
of her people, has never enjoyed, so to speak, a moment's 
repose since the day in which, forty years ago, she occu- 
pied her place among independent nations. So then, 
her people will bless, from the bottom of their hearts, 
whoever shall have contributed to extricate the country 
out of the horrible state of anarchy into w^iich it fell 
many years ago, and shall give it again life and happiness. 

" What would, then, be their joy if they should be- 
hold in such a glorious undertaking the co-operation of 
a Prince a* descendant of one of the most noble, illus- 
trious, and ancient dynasties of Europe, and who, with 
the prestige of such an elevated origin, of so eminent a 
position, and of such personal qualities universally ac- 
knowledged, should so powerfully support the great 
work of the reojeneration of Mexico ! 



MAXIMILIAN. 27 

"The undersigned have expressed their wishes, be- 
cause they believe that work might be realized soon, 
under the auspices of Your Imperial and Royal High- 
ness, and because such may be the will of the Almighty. 
" The undersigned have the honor to subscribe them- 
selves, with the most profound respect, 

" Your Imperial and Royal Highness' 

" Obedient servants, etc." 

The foregoing letter was answered by the Archduke, 
with the resjjonse which here follows, directed to Seiibr 
Estrada : 

" Sir : 

" I received the letter signed by you, for yourself 
and various others of your countrymen, and which you 
sent me, bearing date the 30th of October last. I hasten 
to express to you, and beg you to transmit to those gen- 
tlemen, my gratitude for the sentiments of respect to 
me, which that letter attests. 

" The welfare of your beautiful country has always 
interested me, certainly ; and if, in effect, as you appear 
to suppose, its inhabitants, aspiring to see founded 
among them an order of things which, through its stable 
character, could restore internal peace to them, and 
guarantee their political independence ; and should they 
believe me able to contribute in securing these advan- 
tages, I should be disposed to take into consideration 
the wishes they might present me, with that view. But 
for me to think of assuming an undertaking surrounded 
by so many difficulties, it would be necessary, before all, 
that I should be very certain of the Avill and co-operation 
of the country. My co-operation in favor of the work 
of governmental transformation, on which depends, ac- 
cording to your convictions, the salvation of Mexico, 
could not be determined, unless that a national manifes- 



28 MAXIMILIAN. 

tation 'should prove to me, in f. undoubted manner, the 
desh-e of the nation to see me occupy the throne. 

" Then, only, would my conscience permit me to unite 
my destinies with those of your country, because then 
only could be established, from its beginning, my power, 
in that mutual confidence between the government and 
the governed, which is in my eyes the most solid basis 
of empires, next to the blessing of Heaven. 

" Lastly, Avhether or not I may be called to exercise 
the supreme authority over your noble country, I shall 
not cease to treasure a very agreeable recollection of the 
step which you and the other signers of the letter to 
which I refer have taken towards me. 

" Receive, Sir, the proof of the 

*' sentiments of estimation, etc. 

" Castle of Mixiamar, December 8tli, 1861." 

The mind of the reader will doubtless continually 
have in view two questions, pertaining to the acts of 
Maximilian concerning Mexico. First, whether, in his 
heart, he desired to act in harmony with the will of a 
majority of the Mexican people; and second, did he 
believe that such a majority were in favor of his occu- 
pying the throne of Mexico ? 

Every declaration which he made upon the subject of 
accepting the crown, clearly and unmistakably stated 
that no such consent could come from his lips, unless 
there was satisfactory evidence produced, showing em- 
phatically that a majority of the Mexicans desired him 
as their ruler. And in further support of that position 
on his part, I will here call the attention of the reader 
to a fact, unknown to but a few persons. 

In March, 1864, Maximilian, while at Brussels, pro- 
cured a gentleman to proceed to Mexico, and to com- 
municate certain facts to Mr. Juarez. In order that 
there should be something more certain than oral de- 



MAXIMILIAN. 2 d 

clarations appertaining thereto, Baron de Pont, coun- 
sellor of Maximilian, at the request of His Imperial High- 
ness, wrote a letter addressed to the above-mentioned 
gentleman, bearing date March 16th, 1864, Belle vue 
Hotel, Brussels, wherein was set forth the following 
facts: That Maximilian did not wish to force himself 
upon the Mexican people by foreign troops, against the 
will of the people ; that he did not wish to change or 
make for them any political system of government con- 
trary to the express wish of a majority of the Mexicans ; 
that he wished the bearer of the letter to say to Mr. 
Juarez, that he, Maximilian, w^as willing to meet Mr. 
Juarez in any convenient place, on Mexican soil, which 
Mr. Juarez might designate, for the purpose of discuss- 
ing the affairs of Mexico, in an amicable manner ; and 
that doubtless an understanding and conclusion might 
be reached wholly in unison with the will of the people. 

The said gentleman Avent to Mexico, saw Mr. Juarez, 
stated his mission, and gave a copy of said letter to him. 
Mr. Juarez replied that he could not consent to any 
meeting with Maximilian. 

The letter to which I refer was written in French, 
and I read it ; and unless it is a forger}^, which I do 
not believe, it is strong evidence in favor of Maximilian's 
good faith. I have been unable to ascertain any facts 
-svhich in the slightest degree disprove an honesty of 
intention upon his part. 

In April, 1864, after the w^ord "farewell" had been 
exchanged between the two august j)rinces and their 
families, and particular friends, the people came in large 
numbers to the palace of Miramar, on and after the 10th 
of the month, to say a parting " good-bye." Commission- 
ers from the neighboring provinces also came to tender 
an affectionate adieu to their majesties. The true feel- 
ings of the inhabitants of Trieste, on that important 
departure, w^as happily expressed in one of the journals 



30 MAXIMILIAN. 

of that city, of the date of the 10th of April, wherein 
the Emperor was tenderly and sympathetically addressed 
as follows : 

"Siee: 

" The word ' adieu^ which was said, resounds in 
every heart, and is on the lips of all the good citizens 
of this city. If adieu — adieu to the best of princes. 
Citizen of Trieste ! by your noble and magnanimous 
will, these shores, this port, and these delicious villas 
have been the objects of your predilection. 

" You have given all your heart to this people, who 
love you as a father loves his son, with all the jDOwer of 
his soul. This people is the one who gives the most 
painful adieu — this people, whose love will follow you on 
the waves of the ocean on which you are going to place 
yourself, will accompany you with all its feelings of 
gratitude to the other side of the sea ; this people, 
who is saying adieu, feel a j)ain in losing you, after hav- 
ing had the 23leasure of your company so many years. 

" When you are far from here, Sire, when the imperial 
crown circles your brow, which was given you by a 
nation full of enthusiasm and hope ; when, after the 
cares of the throne, and the perturbation of politics, 
shall be seen to flourish, in their order, peace, work, and 
prosperity, the fruits of your efforts and your wisdom, 
may it please Heaven, Sire, that there shall resound for- 
ever in your ears this adieu which accompanies Your 
Majesty to the other side of the seas — this adieu, which 
is that of a people who have loved you ; an adieu from 
the country that weeps your absence — an affectionate 
adieu of a noble city where you leave such sweet and 
pious recollections. 

" Here, you leave brothers in arms, intrepid mariners, 
soldiers, who have learned from you how to serve and 
love their country. On the other side of those moun- 



MAXIMILIAN. 31 

tains which separate us from the empire, beyond those 
seas, everywhere, you will leave tender and noble recol- 
lections. All the Austrians say with us this adieu to 
the excellent prince, to the loved brother of our beloved 
emperor. Here is remembered your charity, there your 
greatness, and everywhere your magnanimity. 

" There is no heart that does not treasure your quali- 
ties, and those of your august companion, who is called 
to participate with you in the love and the blessings of 
a whole people ; to second you resolutely in the work of 
your regeneration ; to cultivate your happiness, and to 
conquer your affections. 

" The inhabitants of Trieste will continue their pere- 
grinations around Miramar; and at the sight of its 
groves, of its splendid habitations, of its magnificent 
terraces, which command this sea so often furrowed by 
your ships, they will remember your receptions, so full 
of grace and affability ; and they will bring to memory 
the thousand times that they have been your honored 
guests. 

" Miramar, your cherished retreat, is reflected in the 
waters that bathe Trieste. Between Miramar and this 
city exist bonds of affection that can never be broken : 
this afiection runs in the blood of the peo23le, and will 
be transmitted to our sons. 

" He who has been an excellent prince, will be an ex- 
cellent sovereign. Mexico has just extricated herself 
from sad discords ; that j^eople feel sensitive still, per- 
haps, on account of the asperity of their origin ; being 
haughty and affected, even from ancient national pride, 
they have something of the virgin nature of their vast 
territory. The task undertaken by Ferdinand Maxi- 
milian is difficult, arduous, great ; he will know how to 
accomplish it. 

" This victory, O generous Prince, will be the most 
glorious, and the most enviable, and its value to you 



32 v_ MAXIMTLIAlSr. 

will be the gratkude of a whole regenerated jDeople. 
You will place quietude on the pa.Rsions ; your virtues 
and your heart will secure your triumph. 

" Adieu, then, in the name of all the people of Trieste. 
May the heavens he propitious for you, and may they pro- 
mote the accomplishment of your ardent desires, mak- 
ing the country prosper that has selected you to preside 
over its destinies. You carry with you the benedictions 
of a people that will never forget you in their hearts ; 
who will associate themselves with your glorious enter- 
prise, and will ask God to assist you mth His inspirations. 
AYe never could have desired to give you this adieu; 
we should ahvays have pi-eferred to keep you, tranquil 
and happy, in our midst. But since Your Majesty is 
called to pacify a people, to regenerate a vast country, 
to help it to fulfil its high destinies, may the hand of 
God guide you ; may the work of Your Majesty be holy 
and blessed. 

" Adieu ! May the heavens protect you and your 
august companion! May they concede to you, and to 
the people that await you, all the fortune that you have 
known how to give to those who, for the last time, say 
to you from the bottom of their hearts, Adieu !^^ 

As we read such a fareioell to His Majesty, from the 
people of a great city that have known him long and 
Avell, what must be our conclusions as to the character 
of the man ? 

N^ot only did they know him as a man, but as a prince, 
as a governor. A man placed in his position, with his 
power, over that same people, must have acted wisely, 
humanely, and justly, as is evidenced by their united 
voice. Had he acted otherwise, no such burst of aifection 
could spring forth from their hearts. The words them- 
selves make it self-evident that they came not from the 
surface, but from the very depths of the Austrian heart. 



MAXIMILIAN. 33 

Those "srords of love and aifcctipn escaped not tha 
mind of Maximilian ; they touched the cords of sym- 
pathy, and they vibrated. And as they moved in har- 
mony with his gentle thoughts, he wro^e to Dr. Charles 
Porenta, the Podesta (or mayor) of Trieste, as fol- 
lows : 

" My dear Podesta : 

" In the moments of parting, full of confidence in 
the assistance of Heaven, to place me at the head of a 
distant empire, I cannot do less than send a sad and 
last adieu to the dear and beautiful city of Trieste. I 
have always professed profound affection for that city, 
which in a certain manner has become my country ; and 
on abandoning Europe, I know how dear are the recol- 
lections of gratitude which link me to that city. Never 
shall I forget the cordial amiability of its inhabitants, 
nor the proof of adhesion which has been given to 
my house and to my person. This recollection will fol- 
low me to the foreign land as a strong consolation, and 
as a happy augury of the future. It will always be 
grateful to me to know that my garden of Miramar is 
visited by the inhabitants of Trieste ; and I wish that it 
may be open for that purpose, whenever circumstances 
may permit it. I desire that the poor may preserve a 
memorial of my affections ; and I have placed the sum 
of twenty thousand florins, so that the interest thereon 
may be distributed every year, on Christmas Eve, among 
the poor families of the city ; which distribution will 
be made by the City Council. As to you, Sir, Dr. Charles 
Porenta, I decorate you with the cross of Commentator 

of the Order of my Empire. 

" Maximilians^." 

Thus cursorily have I chronicled the European life of 

Maximilian. As we trace it through, we are not uncon- 

o* 



34 MAXIMILIAN. 

scious of the fact, that the construction of his mind 
well fitted him to please. And though moving beneath 
the robes of royalty, he so pursued his course of life, 
that the light of friendship threw its cheering rays all 
around him. 

We will soon follow him across the trackless ocean. 



CHAPTER III. 

Carlota— Her birth— Genealogy of family— Education— Personal description- 
Marriage— Life in Italy— In Mexico— Her derangement— Cause of it— Late 
residence in Belgium— Palace of Tervueren. 

THE frame that includes the biographical portrait of 
His Majesty Maximilian, would present a blank 
space if the characteristic features of his august spouse, 
the lovely, the beautiful, the accomplished, and much- 
beloved Carlota, were not portrayed by his side, in their 
true colors. We cannot think of His Majesty without 
liaving the vision of the Empress rise up before the 
mind's eye, as though she were a part of the same being. 
Scarcely one of her sex has attracted equal attention in 
the present age. The dazzling splendor of her virtues 
has caused unbounded praises to be lavished upon her, 
while her misfortunes have grieved the hearts of millions. 

She is a descendant of Henry lY. of France, who per- 
haps was one of the best rulers France ever had, since 
Louis IX. He fell by the hand of the assassin, the 
fanatical Ravaillac, May 14th, 1610. Her father was 
Leopold I., of Belgium, who v\^as born December 16th, 
1790, and was the son of the Duke Francis of Saxe 
Cobourg Saalfelde. He was naturalized in England, 
March 27th, 1816, and married May 2d of the same 
year to Princess Charlotte Augusta, daughter of George 
IV., of England. He received at that time a pension 
of fifty thousand pounds sterling, the title of Duke of 
Kendal, and the rank of a prince of the blood. 

It was not long thereafter before he was deprived of 
that lovely companion. She died in childbirth, Kov. 
5th, 1817, — the child non-surviWng. 



36 MAXIMLLIAN. 

In 1832, August 9th, he again married, uniting him- 
self to Louise Maria Theresa Charlotte Isabella de Or- 
leans, daughter of Louis Philippe, King of France. It 
was his fortune to enjoy the companionship of the sec- 
ond far longer than that of the first wife ; but before a 
score of years had rolled away, she, too, bid farewell to 
all there is of earth, on the 11th of October, 1850. 

He had by his last wife the following issue : Leopold, 
Duke of Brabant, now King Leopold II. of Belgium, 
who was born April 9th, 1835 ; Prince Philippe Eugene 
Ferdinand Marie Clemente Bandonin Leopold George, 
Count of Flanders, born March 24th 1837, and was 
Major-General and Honorary Commander of the Kegi- 
ment of Guides; and the Princess Maria Charlotte 
Amelia Auguste Victoire Clementine Leopoldino, born 
June 7th, 1840, and who is Carlota, ex-empress of Mex- 
ico. Her father, Leopold I., was a man of rare scholastic 
attainments ; and was not ignorant of that science and 
that art requisite to make skilful moves on the military 
chessboard. He was termed the Nestor of kings. He 
expired in December, 1865. He was then the old.est 
sovereign in Europe. 

The mother of the Empress Carlota was known by 
the appellation of the Holy Queen. As she died in 1850, 
it was not her pleasure to long watch over the advancing 
years of her lovely daughter, who, nevertheless, became 
a bright ornament even among princesses. 

Carlota was born at the palace of Laeken, which is 
about fifteen miles from Brussels, on the 7th of June, 
1840; and never passed over six months of her life in 
France, although she is called French. The Frencli 
tongue is her vernacular. 

Nearly eighteen ^^ears ago, the promenaders that saun- 
tered through the public park of Brussels, frequently 
observed a charming and attractive little girl, the pic- 
ture of beauty and loveliness, accompanied by her two 



MAXIMILIAI^-. 37 

little brothers, a preceptor, and governess. She was 
plainly dressed, wearing a broad-brim straw hat, a short 
dress, and white pantalettes; and under her coiffure, 
on each side, could be seen her neatly braided hair. 
That her appearance of beauty and innocence should 
not be lost to memory, the skill of the artist was 
brought into requisition, and her portrait, as she was 
then dressed, was taken ; which may now be seen 
in one of the private apartments of the palace of Brus- 
sels. She was usually then seen, when promenading, 
with a little hoop in her hand, which she never 
rolled. The little bright-eyed and rosy-cheeked girl 
AvishfuUy looked upon the various groups of children 
which she chanced to meet, anxious to join them in their 
innocent pleasures. But, no, that was not allowed, — ■ 
the governess said, JVb. She then doubtless wished 
that she had no teacher to control her, as she saw no 
good reason why the freedom of others should not be 
allowed to her. Her little party never seemed to stop 
nor run, but gravely walked on with a measured tread. 

The former part of the life of those children was not* 
a gay one. At home, in the palace, during the lifetime 
of their mother, they were taught to pray, and all the 
principles of religion which their youthful minds were 
capable of receiving, were instilled into them. The days 
of reception were not play-days to those youths ; — the 
lessons of Christianity were dispensed with, only to let 
those of etiquette be given in their stead. As visitors 
entered, they found the little princess by her mother's 
side ; and as salutations were given and received, the 
bright-eyed daughter did not fail to act her part. The 
rank and dignity of the different personages were soon 
known to her, and the respective salutations due to each. 

The young princess never seemed to have a playmate 
of her own age. She saw no one around her save the 
ladies of honor, whom her father had chosen for her 



38 MAXIMILIAX. 

mother. Their conversation was principally upon reli- 
gious topics, or matters of importance. And yet with 
all the apparent severity and strictness of her mother, 
the princess was the object of that parent's deepest affec- 
tion, who doted upon and idolized that dauo-hter. It 
was the Christian virtue, the honest pride of that good 
mother's heart, that caused her to watch with a jealous 
care every act and word of that young and tender heart, 
that was destined to attract the world. But while that 
young jDrincess was in the bud of life, the genial rays of 
that mother's affectionate heart ceased to shed their 
holy influence over her. She saAV that mother on the 
couch of death, and heard her last affectionate farewell, 
which fell upon her ear like the music of a sad dream, 
mournfully sounding, long after that Spirit of Love had 
entered the heavenly portal. After that sad bereave- 
ment, the broken-hearted princess lived as it were alone 
in the midst of the ladies of honor. 

It was quite observable, that from the age of eleven 
to fifteen she was less child-like in her manners and con- 
versation than most children of that age, even including 
those of royalty. It must be attributed to her continual 
companionship with those of maturer years. She always 
possessed a marked gravity and dignity even in the 
ballroom. At the age of sixteen she was allowed to 
attend balls ; but only four times a year, when they 
were given by the king in the winter season. None but 
those of royal blood were honored with her company in 
the dance ; and none were permitted to embrace her in 
the waltz but her brothers. And while she gazed upon 
others that whirled in the round dances, it was appar- 
ently with indifference ; and as they glided briskly in 
the circle, she promenaded in a dignified manner, yet 
with a pleasing air. 

She was fine-looking — her stature tall, majestic, not 
haughty, graceful in her carriage ; and with her air of 



MAXIMILIAN. 39 

majesty there Avas mingled a gentleness and mildness of 
disposition that won and attracted all who chanced to 
meet her. Her face is oval ; complexion bright, and 
readily flushed ; her nose is a little aquiline ; her mouth 
is pretty, and beneath her rosy lips is a set of regular 
pearl-white teeth ; her eyes are not large, but very 
bright, and when she becomes excited, they flash like 
fire. She has a heavy head of hair, of a beautiful dark 
auburn shade. Nature formed her for an empress, and 
her acquirements not less fitted her for the station. As 
she rose above the horizon of childhood, she appeared in 
all the splendor of the morning star, bright, beautifuk 

The photogi-apher, the painter — all the powers of art, 
have failed to do her justice, in attempting to transfer 
her beauty on paper or canvas. Her beauty, her good- 
ness, her Christian virtues, will ever defy the pen. 

She inherited the talents of her father. Her mind was 
deep, and exceedingly well cultivated. If her native 
pOAvers were not more than ordinary, it would be re- 
markable, since her father and mother were both of 
superior intellect. At an early age she was placed in 
the presence of the ministers of State, while matters of 
importance were discussed ; and therefore her oppor- 
tunities for forming her judgment and training her logi- 
cal powers of thought, were more than those usually 
allotted to princesses, — of which she gave conclusive 
proof in after years. She spoke and wrote, with great per- 
fection, the French, Spanish, German, English, and Italian 
languages. As has been before observed, she was 
married in the year 1857, being then of the age of seven- 
teen years. She never became a mother. 

Not long after her marriage, in the month of August, 
a multitude of the people of Brussels might have been 
seen in front of the palace, as though attracted by some- 
thing unusual. It was so to them. Upon the balcony 
of that palace stood the enchantress of that house, Arch- 



40 MAXIMILIAN. 

duchess Carlota, in "bridal robes ; and by her side stood, 
arm in arm, a tall, fine-looking man, in the uniform of 
an admiral. That personage was the then Austrian Gov- 
ernor-General of Ital}^, Archduke Maximilian. Three 
days after, the new Archduchess bid farewell to her 
native home. The then gathered concourse of people 
had often seen her ; but that pleasure w^as about to be 
taken from them, and they gazed lingeringly upon her 
with admiration mingled with regret. 

Early deprived of her mother, surrounded by no fe- 
male blood-relatives (whose aifections are always deeper 
than those of any other persons), they almost wondered 
at her remarkable qualities, her intelligence, her Chris- 
tian virtues, and, above all, her charity. 

She was fortunate in her marriage, for love tied the 
knot that bound the two. She seemed to entirely forget 
her passed hours of loneliness, and thought of the future, 
which was portrayed by her in bright colors. Nothing 
thwarted her for a while in her desires. Her husband 
was all kindness, and his feelings of affection never for a 
moment slackened. 

As she arrived at Milan, she was delighted with her 
change — with, the land of Italy, which was to be her 
new home for some time to come. She saw in the Arch- 
duke perfection, a man of intelligence, of dignity, of 
power — brave to a fault, and the personification of 
affection. She was complete mistress of herself. She 
might almost have believed herself an absolute sovereign, 
at least wdiile the Archduke held the position of Governor- 
General of Lombard- Ye nice. 

Her advice was listened to w4th the utmost attention 
by the Archduke ; for one possessed of such a fund of 
knowledge, with such a keen sagacity, might well be 
considered as having a judgment based upon reflection, 
wdiich would be entitled to much weight, and far too 
important to pass unheeded. 



MAXIMILIAN. 41 

Iler mind was deeply engrossed Avitli the aifairs of 
Slate. She sought the welfare of Italy while there, 
rather than parties, balls, and fashionable entertainment. 
The poor of the cities where she visited, and where she 
resided, will bear ample evidence of her generosity. She 
was desirous of possessing the good-will of the people. 
She was always kind to those around her ; even to her 
servants, she rarely made use of any bitterness of tone 
in language, under even the most provoking circum- 
f?tances. She was impressed with the idea that the 
hearts of the subjects were the true throne of a sovereign. 
Her ambition was exceedingly great, — but withal, an 
ambition to do good. The Christian principles instilled 
into her youthful mind never forsook her. In her studies 
she gave undeniable testimony of energy and great de- 
termination. In some of the voyages made by the 
Archduke she accompanied him ; also on the various 
trips made in Italy. She sailed to the island of Madeira, 
and there remained while her husband was on a voyage 
to Brazil. After her return from that island, she wrote 
a work in French, entitled, " A Voyage to Madeira." 
The work has been highly spoken of by those who have 
had the opportunity of perusing it. It bears evidence 
of a cultivated mind, of reflection, refinement, and ele- 
gance of taste, clothed in a pleasing diction. 

If her heart swelled with pride, as she was called to 
sustain the dignified position of Empress, it was an 
honest pride — a pride to fill the station with honor to 
herself, her husband, her adopted country, and with 
honor and virtue in the judgment of the world. 

She seemed ever watchful for the progress and im- 
provement of Mexico — the advancement of education, 
and the protecting care of the poor and needy. The 
same generosity which she exhibited in Europe was 
made manifest in the New World, even to a greater 
deo-ree. She has often been observed walkincr throuo'h 



42 MAXIMILIAX. 

the mud, holding up her skirts, in order to visit the poor 
in the hospitals, and also others that were needy, in their 
own desolate homes. She established schools, and vis- 
ited them in person. If she visited a town, only for an 
hour, the first inquiry made by her was as to the con- 
dition of the schools. She was not satisfied with the 
answer of any one as to the state of the houses of in- 
struction, but would visit them in person. The bad con- 
dition of the weather and roads never prevented her 
from so doing. She examined the scholars in their les- 
sons, gave them kind advice, and not unfrequently pieces 
of money, to encourage them in their studies. Never in 
the history of Mexico was the number of beggars so 
small in the capital as during her presence there. The 
poor never had such another friend in all Mexico. 

While she was in the city of Puebla, on her way to 
the capital for the first time, on the 7th of June, which 
was the anniversary of her birthday, she presented to 
that city the sum of seven thousand dollars out of her 
own private purse, for the benefit of the poor. On that 
occasion she wrote the Prefect of that city the following 
letter : 

" Se^or Prefect : 

" It is very pleasing to me to find myself in Puebla, 
the first anniversary of my birthday which I have passed 
far from my old country. Such a day is for everybody 
one of reflection ; and these days would be sad for me, 
if the care, attentions, and proofs of afiection, of which 
I have been the object in this city, did not cause me to 
recollect that I am in my new country, among my people. 
Surrounded by friends, and accompanied by my dear 
husband, I have no time to be sad ; and I give thanks 
to God because he has conducted me here, jDresenting 
unto him fervent prayers for the happiness of the coun- 
try which is mine. United to Mexico long ago by 



MAXIMTLIAX. 43 

sympathy, I am to-day united to it by stronger bonds, 
and at the same time sweeter — those of gratitude. I 
wish, Seiior Prefect, that the poor of this city may par- 
ticipate in the pleasure which I have experienced among 
you. 

" I send you seven thousand dollars of my own pri- 
vate funds, which is to be dedicated to the rebuilding of 
the House of Charity, the ruinous state of which made 
me feel sad yesterday : so that the unfortunate ones 
may return to inhabit it who found themselves deprived 
of shelter. 

" Senor Prefect, assure my compatriots of Puebla 
that they possess, and will always ^jossess, my aifections. 

" Puebla, 7tli June, 1864." " Caelota. 

ITer acts of charity were unbounded. It was the 
greatest pleasure of her life to relieve suffering humani- 
ty. In this respect she was remarkable. 

The Paseo, or pleasure-walk of the city of Mexico, 
with its shrubbery and flowers, is another illustration of 
her generosity, her taste, and her desire to please her 
subjects. Before she arrived in that city, not a flower 
nor bush, save the large trees, graced that pleasure- 
ground, nor the grand square, in front of the palace. 
She scattered there her own funds ; from which have 
sprung up sweet-scented flowers and green bushes, that 
delight and attract the multitude, after the weary hours 
of labor are ended. One can now scarcely visit those 
pleasure-grounds, who saw them a few years ago, without 
bringing to mind the good heart that beautified them. 

I once heard a very intelligent gentleman say, in the 
city of Mexico, that if that country had ever had a 
President with half the ambition, energy, and honesty 
of the Empress, it would be in a far more prosperous 
condition than it is, or ever had been. 

Her intellectual capacity was certainly great, and her 



44 MAXIMILIAN. 

administrative abilities of no mean order, added to a 
remarkable political sagacity. She was not surpassed 
by any living woman, in those qualities. Had she been 
a man at the head of a powerful government, she Avould 
have been considered the leading sovereign of thp age. 
With all these qualities, usually sought for, and more 
generally expected to be found in the other sex, she did 
not fail to possess that grace and refinement of manner, 
at all times and under all circumstances, which are the 
peculiar attributes of an accomplished lady. 

The brightest jewel she possessed nature gave her. 
It Avas CiiAEiTY. Wherever she went, the squalid face 
of poverty received an illuminating smile of happiness 
from the reflection of that ornament. A view of her 
beaming face always produced a pleasant thought. The 
influence of her presence was like that of the rising 
sun, as it comes rolling up, spreading its soft genial rays 
all around, dispelling the bitter coolness of the morn. 

The Empress was by no means possessed of idle habits. 
She Avas usually up at half-past six, and at seven in the 
saddle, taking her exercise, accompanied by her lady of 
honor and an oflEicer. For many days she Avould ride 
every morning ; and then, for a period, only every other 
day. Between eight and nine in the morning was the 
time for prayer ; then came breakfast, Avhich she usually 
ate alone— sometimes with one of her ladies' of honor. 
After which, accompanied by one of those ladies, she 
visited in her carriage the schools, hospitals, and the 
poor people that were in Avant, at their respectiA^e homes ; 
or attended to some business afiair pertaining to the 
Society of Charity, of AA^hich she was president. At 
two o'clock she Avent out to the palace of Chepultepec, 
AA^here she usually resided, or at least spent the most of 
her time. At half-past three she dined in company with 
the Emperor, and frequently Avith friends iuA^ited by His 
Majesty. After dinner she promenaded in the grove 



MAXIMILIAN. 45 

around the palace ; then returning to the palace, would 
read awhile, or use the pencil or brush, for which she 
had a fondness. Her general hour for retiring was nine. 

She carefully read the newspapers, and scanned close- 
ly whatever was written upon the subject of Mexico and 
its sovereign. She marked with a pencil every article 
or paragraph which she considered of any importance, 
for the perusal of His Majesty : as he was busy, it was 
a saving of time to have the matter, which was worthy 
of consideration, brought immediately to his attention. 
She was either eno-ao-ed in some of the fore2:oino; occu- 
pations, or improving the flower-gardens. She was ap- 
parently never idle. 

She Avas accustomed to wear, in the summer, dresses 
of cambric muslin ; and in the winter, those of avooI or 
silk, but not of a costly character. In fact, they were 
extremely plain, but made and fitted with remarkably 
good taste. 

In the winter season she gave soirees every Monday. 
She never wore the same dress twice on those occasions. 
She danced four quadrilles during the evening, which 
was the extent of that kind of exercise with her. \ 

AYhen grand receptions were given at court, she wore \ 
a rich white satin dress, yni\\ low neck, trimmed with 
gold and brilliants ; a purple velvet mantle, bordered j 
with gold ; a diadem of brilliants ; jewelry of great I 
value ; the Grand Cross of San Carlos, the Grand Starred 
Cross of Austria, and that of Brazil. 

Through all that imperial splendor, shone with a far 
brighter lustre her smiling face, the index of a gentle 
and affectionate heart. 

The breath of scandal never discolored the fair name 
of the Empress. She was above suspicion. Such per- 
fect disinterestedness manifest in all her acts of charity 
— such superiority to all selfish considerations — such zeal 
for good, and such sanctity of life, were virtues which 



X 



46 MAXIMILIAN. 

shone so eminently conspicuous in all her behavior, that 
the unprejudiced who have been inimical to her form of 
government, and to the reign of their Majesties in Mex- 
ico, have been free to credit her with the perfections 
ascribed to her by her friends. 

She had two ladies of the palace, who received each a 
salary of four thousand dollars per annum. One was 
Miss Josefa Varela, and the other Mrs. Concepcion P. 
Pacheco. The former is about the age of twenty-two, 
of dark Mexican complexion, from Texcoco, which is 
about twenty miles from the capital. She is a descend- 
ant of Moctezuma, and for that reason was selected for 
the position. She said to me that the genealogy of her 
family had been given to the Emperor. She is a pleas- 
ant young lady, not at all diffident in the presence of 
strangers, and shows a knowledge of society. She had 
received beneficial lessons from the Empress, with whom 
she was a favorite. 

There were numerous ladies of honor attached to the 
Empress, who did not remain in the palace, and who 
received no compensation. They resided in their re- 
spective homes, and went to the palace on reception- 
days, and whencA^er the Empress desired their company 
in visiting the hospitals or other places of charity. 

In 1865, it was considered necessary that a tour of 
inspection should be made through Yucatan. His Ma- 
jesty could not well go, on account of business requiring 
his presence at the capital. It was therefore decided 
that the Empress should proceed to make the tour. 
And on the 6th of November of that year, she, with her 
lady of honor. Miss Josefa Varela, started, escorted by 
numerous ofiicers, among whom was General Jose Lopez 
XJraga, commander of the escort ; Senor Ramirez, Min- 
ister of Relations ; the Belgian and Spanish Ministers, 
and several others, numbering twenty-four. She was 
received at Vera Cruz with great demonstrations of joy; 



MAXIMILIAN. 47 

and still more, and greater enthusiasm at Yucatan, con- 
sidering the number of the population. 

On her arrival at Merida, in Yucatan, she was ele- 
gantly yet plainly attired. She wore a white dress with 
blue trimmings, and a graceful hat, likewise decked with 
blue. Her person was unadorned with jewelry. She was 
received by a large concourse of people — women and 
children surrounding her, with their oiFerings of sweet- 
scented bouquets ; the military in their full-dress uni- 
form : and in short, the whole community were out to 
gaze on her with perfect admiration. 

Her Majesty was received at the entrance of the cathe- 
dral by the Kev. Dr. Lerado Rodriguez de la Sala ; and 
as a religious ceremony was performed therein, that 
temple was crowded to its utmost. 

She was addressed by the political Prefect. And 
while in her apartments, on the 23d of November, the 
multitude, anxious to gaze on her, aiid to hear some 
pleasant word from her, called loudly for her ; and for 
their gratification she presented herself upon the bal- 
cony, and spoke as follows : 

" We have long wished to visit you, in order to study 
your necessities and learn your desires. The Emperor 
being prevented from effecting this important object, 
has sent me to you to present you his cordial greetings, 
I assure you from my heart that he deeply regrets that 
he cannot be here with me, to tell you how great is his 
affection toward you. He will regret it still more when 
I inform him of the enthusiastic reception you have 
given me. He desires, and by all means will endeavor, 
to secure the prosperity and happiness of the people of 
Yucatan." 

She visited the hospitals, pi'isons, houses of the needy, 
and made donations for them. She donated the sum of 
two thousand and five hundred dollars for the establish- 
ment of a free-school for girls ; three thousand dollars 



48 MAXIMILIAN. 

to the general hospital ; three thousand dollars to be 
distributed among the poor ; one thousand dollars to 
complete the cathedral ; besides many smaller presents 
to persons in the house where she remained during her 
stay there. 

The following language from the "Yucatanos," ad- 
dressed to the Empress, is illustrative of their good feel- 
ing toward her : 

" The dauo-hter of a Kins;, the wife of a Monarch ! 
Beautiful and affectionate Carlota ! As the ship w^hich 
brouglit you to our shores appeared in our horizon, we 
saluted you as the aurora of our happiest day ; as you 
touched the sand of our port, we received you as the 
sovereign benefactor who filled us with hope ; on hear- 
ing your sweet and consoling words which you ad- 
dressed us at the foot of the throne, we listened to you 
as the cherub of benevolence ; and to-day. Madam, as 
you give us new proof of your goodness, saving us from 
a great affliction, we contemplate you as the white and 
pure dove of the ark, the bearer of peace, and of recon- 
ciliation between God and man. Blessed be thou, Im- 
perial dove ! Blessed be thou, beneficent Empress ! 
Were it possible for us to cover your road with pearls and 
diamonds we would do it with pleasure, in order that 
your feeling might palpitate the demonstration of our 
gratitude ; but since that cannot be, you will compre- 
hend, just and elevated spirit, the gratitude of our 
hearts. The mothers, the wives, and the sons of the 
poor, salute you as their redeemer. 

" Accept, Madam, our wishes. 

"Merida, November 26tli, 1865." 

Her Majesty left Merida on the 4th of December, in 
the morning, for the city of Campeachy, passing through 
TJxmal. A large number of young men, resident at 



MAXIMILIAN. 49 

Mcrida, voluntarily, as a guard of honor, escorted her 
to the limits of that department. She made a short 
visit at Uxmal, where she also visited the hospital, the 
schools, and gave money to the poor. She ordered 
copies of the things which she saw there that were note- 
worthy. She was particularly pleased with the palace 
of the monks, and the house called the Tortuyas^ of 
which she had drawings taken. 

While returning, on the road from Vera Cruz, where 
she stopped a short time, a poor woman offered her the 
breakfast which she had spread for her own family. 
The Empress, to please her, sat down and ate. While 
thus eating, the poor Indian woman said, with a great 
deal of simplicity, " I like Your Majesty very much, be- 
cause you are very good, and because you have an In- 
dian lady of honoi', which proves that Your Majesty 
does not dislike, but rather loves the Indians." When 
Her Majesty left, she gave twenty dollars to the woman. 
There is no doubt of one fact, that the Indians became 
much pleased with her and the Emperor, on acquaint- 
ance with them. Their Majesties, on all occasions, were 
particular to see that that class of people were prop- 
erly treated. 

In the city of Puebla, she extended her visit to the 
hospitals ; decorated some soldiers who had distinguished 
themselves for bravery ; also some ladies who had given 
their services to the care of the sick and wounded 
soldiers, and several civil officers who had shown a 
great zeal in the advancement of the welfare of the 
country. 

She requested to see the Americans that were living 
near and around Orizaba and Cordova ; some of whom 
were engaged in the service of the railroad company. 
Many of them had but a small amount of means, which 
they had use for otherwise than expending for line wear- 
ing ajDparel, and did not consider that they were suit- 

8 



50 MAXIMILIAN?. 

ably arrayed to enter the presence of Her Majesty. 
When she was informed of that fact, she said, " Tell them 
to come without line clothes." She had the faculty of 
pleasing every one. 

She reached the capital, on her return, about the first 
of the following year. Soon after that, the sad intelli- 
gence of her father's death was communicated to her. 
It was a heavy blow to her, and it affected her long and 
seriously. Having lost her mother at an early age, she 
cherislied more than ordinary love and affection for that 
remaining parent. 

She founded the House of Maternity; and watched 
like a nursing-mother over those that needed assistance 
from the hand of charity. 

As President of the General Council of Charity, she 
made a written report to His Majesty, on the 14th of 
April, 1866, setting forth briefly what had been done, 
and the condition of the society; saying therein, "I 
have presided at the A^arious meetings which occurred 
in 1865, up to the time of my departure for Yucatan." 
Thereby showing that she never failed to be present, 
doing duty in the regular works of assistance to the 
needy. 

Her energy was unbounded ; she was ever ready to 
promote the happiness of the people, improve the condi- 
tion of the country, and develop its resources. It be- 
came necessary for His Majesty to have a confidential 
representative in Europe, and to make some explana- 
tions and requests of Napoleon. She was prepared 
and willing to undertake the task. With that view 
she left the palace of Chapultepec at three o'clock 
on the morning of the 8th of July, 1866, for the 
church of Guadalupe, in the village of the same name, 
about a league to the north of the capital. She there 
attended Mass. At the conclusion of that ceremony 
she took her departure for Vera Cruz. His Majesty ac- 



MAXIMILIAN. 5 1 

companlecl her as far as Kio Frio, and there saw her for 
the hist time — Ay, a parting forever ! Little was such 
his thought then. She sailed from Vera Cruz on tlie 
13th of the month, in company with the Minister of 
State, Castillo ; Count de Valle, the Grand Chamber- 
lain ; FeYip U. del Barrio, Chamberlain ; Mrs. Gutierrez 
Estrada y Barrio, Lady of Honor; and Doctor Bow- 
slaveck. At Orizaba, she asked for the prayers of her 
friends, saying, " I shall need them." From Havana 
she wrote to the Emperor, and also to her lady of honor. 
Miss Josefa Yarela— the pet name of " Josefa" being 
JPcpita. The letter to the latter was in the following 
words : 

" My Dear Pepita : 

" Only a few words, before the steamer leaves. I 
am quite well, and ever thinking of you all. I had only 
one day of sickness. The heat is intense, and the voy- 
age a long one. It is only out of pure jjatriotisni 
that one undertakes these things with feelings of pleas- 
ure. From this to St. Thomas will be the last sojourn 
over American seas ! All the Spanish authorities have 
treated me with the utmost deference ; although I did 
not land, as the Empei'or did not wish me to do so. 
The bay is very beautiful, and I should also say the 
town, where there exist fortunes of twenty-five millions 
and upwards. I have received visits from the principal 
personages. Many of the dignitaries had walking-sticks, 
which reminded me of Mexico, and pleased me. The 
Bishop was very polite. There also seems to exist here 
a great reverence for the temporal authorities. I have 
also seen the President of the " Royal Audience :" he re- 
minded me of the ancient history of our country. He 
also sports a tortoise-shell walking-stick, which from its 
exquisite loveliness must be from Yucatan. Talking of 
this peninsula, I must tell you that I have seen Arthur 



52 MAXIMILIAN. 

Peon, who was ovei joyed to see me. He seems satis- 
fied with the state of thino-s at home. The 2:ratitude of 
the Yueatecos to me has given me great pleasure. One 
of the chamberlains from Campeche, Seiior Lavalle, is 
to come on board to-day, on his voyage to France. 
You can form no idea of the state of the road ; from 
Cordova all the carriages of my gentlemen were upset. 
My coachman assured me that it was only through the 
help of the Virgin that I was not upset. I suppose he 
meant the Guadalupe one. 

" Good-bye, my dear Pepita ; my heart remains in 
Mexico. Write to me, and believe in the aifection of 

" Caelota." 

After her arrival in Europe, she had several interviews 
with Napoleon, accompanied by her minister, Castillo, 
relative to important business concerning the Empire of 
Mexico. The object of her voyage was generally un- 
derstood to be for the purpose of prevailing upon ISTa- 
poleon to furnish Maximilian with more funds, and also 
to induce him to prolong the period of the stay of the 
French troops in Mexico. She left her adopted home 
Avith a great deal of solicitude. 

She saw near at hand a powerful republic, having no 
reverence for monarchical institutions, and whose diplo- 
matic correspondence was in the highest degree threat- 
ening to the tranquillity of her home. The situation of 
Maximilian was critical, requiring immediate succor. 
The reflection that, although the distant auxiliaries 
Avhich she hoped for might possibly be obtained, and 
yet that their possession might not be a positive guar- 
antee to the stability of the Emj^ire, was productive of 
the most serious consequences. 

It was said that such thoughts, added to her ill-success, 
were more than her agitated brain could support ; and 
that in consequence thereof, despondency and dejection 



MAXnilLIAX. 53 

became so oppressive, thnt her mental faculties com- 
pletely succumbed to the weight. It has since been 
doubted that the foregoing excitement was the cause of 
the loss of her mind. Of that, more will be said here- 
after. 

Her Majesty reached Miramar on the 15th day of 
Auo;ust. Orders Arere o-iven at Vienna to the officers 
of the navy, to receive her in a manner becoming to her 
rank. The morning of that day was serene ; but by tlie 
time Her Majesty neared the surrounding waters that 
laved the walls of Miramar, where the Austrian squad- 
ron were stationed, the angry clouds had gathered, 
the whistling wind became furious, and the boisterous 
storm nearly drowned the roar of the loud-mouthed 
cannon. 

On the 16tli of September, the anniversary of the in- 
dependence of Mexico, the Empress gave a grand cele- 
bration in honor of the day, at Miramar. Mass was 
said at the chapel, in the morning ; and in the afternoon 
a banquet was given, where were assembled the Mexi- 
cans who were there temporarily, the Mexican Consul 
at Trieste, the Mexican Minister near Austria, the Pre- 
fect of Trieste, and several others. The Mexican colors 
were waving over the castle, and salvos of artillery were 
echoed and re-echoed over sea and land. 

On the 18th of September, the Empress and suite, 
which was composed of the same parties Avho left Vera 
Cruz in her company, and D. Jose Blasio, two valets c7e 
chambre, four Mexican and two Italian servants, started 
for Rome. As there were several cases of cholera at 
Trieste, the vessels sailing from that port to Ancona 
were required to remain in quarantine a few days in the 
latter j^ort ; in consequence thereof. Her Majesty pre- 
ferred to make the trip by land. They travelled in 
post-carriages through Tyrol, where there was no rail- 
road, stopping at Bingston, Botzen, Yerona, Mantua — 



54 . MAXIMILIAN. 

crossed the Po, and passed through Rcggia to Boh)giin, 
where they took a special train of cars to Ancona. 

.The first symptom of derangement was observed at 
Botzen, in the room where she stopped. She remarkecl 
to Mrs. Estrada y Barrio, " I do not wish to go to Rome, 
because I am afraid they will poison me. I wish to go 
back to Miramar." The Minister Castillo observed 
that he thought it a strange remark; but that he did not 
think her mind was affected. At Ancona was a deputa- 
tion in waiting to receive Her Majesty, composed of Mr. 
Yalasquez de Leon, the Mexican Minister near the Papal 
See ; Bishop Ramirez ; Don Mai-ia DegoUado, and many 
others; all of wdiom w^ere transported by the cars 
through the Apennines, to Rome. In all the towns 
through which her Majesty passed, she was received by 
civic and military bodies, with great honors, amid cheer- 
ing, cannonading, and musical demonstrations. 

At Rome, the diplomatic corps and other distin- 
guished persons j)resented themselves, and paid her 
marked attention. She was thus far, with the exception 
mentioned, to all appearances well, giving not the slight- 
est evidence of insanity. She addressed the visitors in 
their respective languages, which, to them, w^as highly 
pleasing. On her fourth da}?- in Rome there was a sud- 
den change in her actions. She spoke of a desire on the 
part of some of her party to poison her. She said that 
Mrs. Kuhachevich, Count de Valle, and Dr. Bowslaveck, 
had been hired by Napoleon to poison her. As she said 
this, she addressed herself to Mrs. Kuhachevich. She 
then requested the Mexican minister near Rome, and 
Cardinal Antonelli, to have the three suspected persons 
arrested. After that, those three kept from lier sight. 
About three days afterward she called at the Vatican, 
to see the Pope. Slie said to liini that she did not wish 
to leave his residence, as it Vv^as the only safe place 
w^here she could remain without being poisoned. She 



MAXIMILIAN. 55 

remained there ail night, sitting on the sofa, accom- 
panied by Mrs. Estrada y Barrio, the Minister of State, 
Castillo, and Mr. Barrio, the Chamberlain. 

On the following morning, they all returned to the 
hotel where Her Majesty's apartments were, known as 
the " Albergo di Roma." She was afraid to eat or drink 
anything given her from the hotel. She rode out every 
day, in her carriage, with Mrs. Estrada y Barrio, taking 
a jar to the public fountain, and filling it with winter, 
which she carried to her room to di-ink. She also pur- 
chased chestnuts in the streets, which she took to her 
apartments to eat. They are a common article of food 
in Italy, and very excellent. She selected one of her 
servants in whom she had confidence, and whom she 
daily sent for meat, vegetables, eggs, etc., wdiich w^ere 
brought to her room, and cooked in her presence. These 
articles thus prepared she ate w^itliout fear. 

She remained in Rome about twenty days ; when her 
brother, the Duke of Flanders, arrived there, and after 
one day's preparation, embarked with her at Ancona 
for Trieste. He took her to the castle of Miramar, and 
provided her with the best physicians that could be 
procured. 

At the request of the King of Belgium, Dr. Bulkens, 
Director of the House of the Insane, at Gheel, proceeded 
to the castle of Miramar, to take charge of the Empress. 
He returned to Belgium with her, on the 31st of July 
last, when she was placed in apartments prepared for 
her at the palace of Tervueren. She was accompanied, 
also, on her return, by the Queen of Belgium. King 
Leopold, and the Prince of Wales went out to the fron- 
tier to meet them. Orders w^ere given that no noise 
Bhould be made at the stations on the line of railroads. 
The court carriage drove so close to the car at the sta- 
tion of Groenendal, that the Empress passed into it un- 
noticed. That station is near the line of Luxemburg, 



56 MAXIMILIAiN-. 

and about three miles from the said palace, and situate 
in an open space in the woods of Soignes. 

The palace of Tervueren and its surroundings present 
one of the most picturesque views in the neighborhood 
of Brussels. It belongs to the national domain ; but, 
by a law, it was placed at the disposition of the royal 
family. During certain seasons of the year the princes 
of the family of Orange occupied it, prior to the revolu- 
tion of 1830. It has been preserved in the same condi- 
tion, with scarcely a change, as it was then seen. The 
traveller, until recently, has been denied the privilege of 
gazing at its gorgeously glittering ballroom, and the 
elegant apartments where the Princess of Orange nestled 
in her splendor. 

It has been said that it was erected for the accommo- 
dation of the mighty hunters of royal j)rivileges. Around 
that mass of adornment extends a large and beautiful 
park, protected by a wall ; and over its grassy lawns 
leap the bounding game, in variety innumerable, and 
pass their hours of slumber in greater quietude, per- 
haps, than their royal o^^aier, and frisk in greater 
merriment, save when the rifle's crack carries them to 
that owner's banquet. 

The Empress seemed to be aware of the death of her 
husband, but believed that it was caused by sickness. 
At times she suifered from violent fits of raving, and be- 
came quite prostrated, and almost inconsolable on ac- 
count of the absence of the Emperor. But in moments 
of calmness she seemed reconciled to her misfortunes. 

Her physicians have lately attributed her insanity to 
the effect of poison. They are of opinion that her phys- 
ical condition evidenced that fact. Dr. Bulkens has 
said that there were great hopes of her being restored 
to her natural mind. 

There are rumors afloat in Mexico, and have been for 
many months, in support of the opinion of the European 



MAXIMILIAN. 57 

physicians, as to the cause of her derangement. In the 
fall of 186G, His Majesty Maximilian received an anony- 
mous letter, stating that the Empress had been poisoned 
in Cuernayaea. The lady who wrote that letter com- 
municated the fact of her writing and sending it to an 
acquaintance of mine. She had heard statements which 
appeared to her quite satisfactory that poison had been 
administered to the Empress. Her insanity, as eminat- 
ing from such a source, had been talked about in Mexico, 
before the news of its actual occurrence could have been 
conveyed from Europe to that country. It was the 
opinion in Mexico that she had eaten fruit in which had 
been placed some of the juice of a tree known by the 
name oi polo de leche — the milk-tree. 

The Mexican journals have recently denied that she 
was poisoned in their country, by their people. They 
allege that they do not conquer a foe in that way ; but 
they are of opinion that Xapoleon or Bazaine performed 
the barbarous work, — believing that either of them would 
pursue such a course to carry out their political plans. 
They seem to harbor no doubt that Bazaine would do 
it, and really think he did. They ask, what Avould not 
a general do, who would offer to sell out the Emperor 
Maximilian, under whom he was acting, to the Liberal 
general, Porfirio Diaz ? 

The world, outside of Mexico, will hardly credit any 
story that charges N'apoleon or even Bazaine with such 
barbarous cruelty as that; although the character of 
the latter, in Mexico, is not enviable. 

The death of the Emperor is a heavy weight on the 
crazed brain of the Empress. His image is permanently 
mirrored thereon, whether in the brief moments of tran- 
quillity, or during the raging storm of her intellect. 
Will she foriret him ? 



58 MAXIMILTA>^ 

"No — of the one, one only object traced 
In her heart's core too deep to be etTiiced ; 
The one whose memor}'-, fresh as life, is twined 
With every broken link of her lost mind ; 
Whose image lives, though Reason's self be wrecked, 
Safe 'mid the ruins of her intellect !" 

Let us hope that she who dealt so lavishly unto the 
needy, may receive from the Giver of all perfect gifts, 
that aid which wdll enable her soon to show forth her 
mind in all its former lustre. 



CHAPTER IV. 

MIEAMAE. 

THE castle of Miramar, the palatial residence of Fer- 
dinand Maximilian, before he ascended the throne 
of Mexico, is situated a league distant from the city of 
Trieste, on a rocky promontory, the base of which the 
Adriatic Sea laves with its foamy waves, holding pho- 
tographed beneath its sheeny surftice, in the quietude of 
its calm, the turreted castle and wavy sky. 

Through all the spacious halls of that architectural 
pile, in the silent hours, the whisperings of the ever- 
murmuring sea fall upon the ear. And as its owner's 
chain of slumber now and then lost a link by the pil- 
fering hand of Avakefulness, he would half forget whether 
he was balancing on the oaken beams of the Austrian 
fleet, o'er the heaAdng sea, or quietly nestling within 
those castellated walls, supported by a terrestrial base. 
And as the blue deep was his accustomed element, it 
was a pleasure to him, while resting from professional 
labors, at home among the flower-beds, to gaze at the 
mysterious sea, and listen to its variant notes as they 
changed from gentle murmurs to the sullen roar of the 
storm. 

Scarcely a dozen years have been recorded in the past, 
since the grounds of Miramar were observed untouched 
by the decorative hand of Art ; and the drapery of Na- 
ture was then, by no means, gorgeous. 

The castle is built of stone, is cream-colored, and 
stands facing the west, sixty feet high, with a front 



60 . lirAXIMILIAN. 

about eighty-four feet wide, flanked "by a tower that 
rises nearly one hundred and forty feet above the water's 
edge, and is not far from twenty-four feet square. The 
castle and tower are surmounted with a perforated para- 
pet, with turreted corners and ornamental pendants on 
the cornice. It is only half the size of the original plan, 
the intention having been to extend it on the east. 

On the front of the edifice is inscribed, in large gilt 
letters, the day and hour when Maximilian accepted the 
crown of Mexico. 

On the first floor, in the tower, is a small drawing- 
room, which was much occupied by Carlota, and which 
opens into a saloon in the main building. The room 
adjoining the latter on the north was her sleeping-apart- 
ment, and the next one her dressing-room, which joined 
that of her servant. 

In the second story, and in the rear of the latter room, 
was the wardrobe of Her Majesty. The northern part 
of the front building is divided into three stories — the 
southern part into two ; — the grand saloon being in the 
latter division, extends to the cornice, a height of nearly 
forty feet, is forty-five feet by twenty-six, and is deco- 
rated with fine paintings and elegant furniture. 

A closed balcony, about nine by twelve feet in dimen- 
sions, supported by four stone columns, embellishes the 
front of the castle. It has three windows looking out 
upon the sea, and two on either side. 

The centre building contains, on the first floor, the 
library and dining-room, each being twenty-five by fifty 
feet. Over the dining-room is an unfinished saloon. 
The chapel and sleeping apartment of Carlota open into 
the dining-room. The private room of Maximilian was 
east of and adjoining the library. He accepted the 
crown of Mexico in the sleeping-apartment of Carlota, 
the same having been first arranged and decorated for 
the occasion. 



MAXI3,LILIAN". 61 

The library contains a large collection of books writ- 
ten in the various ancient and modern European lan- 
o'uao'es, amono- which are tlie works of Muno-uia and 
other INIexican authors : also quite an extensive museum 
of natural curiosities, — stuffed birds, reptiles, and other 
animals, many of wliich came from Mexico. 

The artistic skill of the Grecians and Romans also 
contributes to swell the list of ornaments. 

The Mexican coat-of-arms, woven in rich brocade, 
adorns the walls of several apartments. 

The paintings from the hands of the Italian masters 
attest the elegant taste of the owner of that mansion, 
which is so richly embellished with them. 

A carriage-road about twenty feet wide encircles the 
castle, and is skirted with rose-bushes on the south side 
of the edifice. In the rear of the buildings is a circular 
parterre, nearly fifty yards in diameter, girted with 
flower-beds ; in the centre of which is a fountain throw- 
ing its silvery dews on the surrounding shrubbery and 
Flora's richly painted hues. 

Near the stairway on the north side, which leads down 
to the sea, may be seen a beautiful marble statue resting 
in a niche. Near by the stairway is a small parterre 
measuring some thirty by fifteen yards, oval in form, 
and containing exquisite flowers that perfume the salt 
sea air, and flavor your breath momentarily as your 
bark glides from the rocky base out into the deep blue. 

From the larger parterre, in the rear of the castle, ex- 
tends a bower of roses to the summer-house, which is 
also arched with the same bush and flower. 

South of the castle, several hundred yards distant, 
are large stables built of stone and brick, situated near 
the road that circles around the sea to Trieste. 

A serpentine road leads to the garden, which is back 
a short distance, on rising ground. It possesses many 
plants from the tropical climes. The maguey, the olean- 



62 - MAXIMILIA^^. 

der, and tlie coot as remind one of Mexico, although tho 
mao'uey "was brought by Maximilian from Dalmatia. 
The premises contain a few fruit-trees only. Several 
oaks and pines shade the ground here and there. A 
marble F.l:atue of Napoleon I. stands back some distance 
from the castle, looking as if it had command of the 
surrounding hills. N^umerous pieces of Egyptian and 
Grecian sculpture are scattered over the ground, appear- 
ing as though they had rested there for ages, but which 
Maximihan had gathered in his different voyages to the 
lands of the ancient artists. 

Hall a mile or more from the sea stands a beautiful 
cottage, occupied by Maximilian while the castle was 
build lag. He was there watching and directing the 
erect*-on of that elegant edifice, exhibiting a high degree 
of p.r -'hitectural taste and judgment. He had no partic- 
ular fondness for the Gothic style. A mile from the 
castle, near the garden grounds, is a private railway 
station, for the accommodation of the premises ; also a 
telegraph -office. 

It has not been the intention of the author to give 
herein a minute or professional description of the archi- 
tectural splendor represented in the engraving, but only 
to portray in general terms some of the main features 
thereof, couched in plain language, unmingled with tech- 
nical expressions. 



CHAPTER Y. 

Cause of intervention— Assembly of Notables and their acts— Monarchy- 
adopted — Mexican deputation visit Maximilian — Their addreas to him — 
His reply — Second deputation sent— Preparations of Maximilian with his 
family. 

BEFORE recording the history of Maximilian, as it 
pertains to Mexico, it will be necessary to take a 
cursory view of the late political condition of that conn- 
try. If we pass in review that nation's record for the 
last fifty years, onr illustration of its real condition 
would not be erroneous should we allege that the sea 
has been its emblem. The alternate storms and calms 
have scarcely been more frequent of the one than of the 
other. If the one has been considered the depository 
of great riches, so has the other. The treasury of both 
lies buried. If the toilers in search of wealth in the 
elements of the one, have been wrecked, the same has 
likewise been the fate of those who have battled with 
the elements in the other. The diggers in the one, and 
the divers in the other, have felt the effect of the storms. 
The Liberal i^arty built a Ship of State, on which they 
placed in large gilt letters, " Coxstitutiox." That 
party insisted that the Church party should board her, 
and it was contended that the latter would be safe on 
her quarter-deck. The Church party did not have as 
much faith in these allurements as it did in the ten com- 
mandments. The chiefs thereof were afraid to step 
aboard with their funds. They were aware that the ship 
was heavily laden with a bottomry bond ; and that her 
officers were in pursuit of Church funds to discharge 
her. And, besides, they had no confidence that the ves- 



64 ^ MAXIMILIAN. 

sel would be navigated according to the rules laid down 
in the " Coxstitutiox." Hence the disagreement. Dis- 
missing the figure of speech, it is quite apparent that 
disorder has been the prevalent condition of the country. 

It is well understood that Comonfort renounced the 
presidency in January, 1858 ; and thereupon the Church 
party seized the capital of the nation. Whatever might 
have been the intention of the Church party at that 
time — whetlier to support the Constitution or not — they 
certainly were not in harmony with the Liberals. It 
has been observed that the Church party was not desir- 
ous of overthrowing the constitutional government. 
Juarez, at the head of the Liberals, was still declaring 
to the people that he stood upon the Constitution, and 
that his organization was the only legally constituted 
one. Which was the government de facto it is here un- 
necessary to decide. At that time the decision was made 
by foreign governments in favor of the Church party. 
The diplomatic corps in Mexico officially acknowledged 
no other. 

The treatment towards foreigners resident became 
such, in their opinion, that the respective governments 
to which they belonged deemed it necessary to interfere 
in behalf of their subjects. Thus, in 1861, England, 
France, and Spain united with a view of demanding 
from Mexico payment for their respective claims, and 
just reparation for repeated injuries. England required 
satisfaction on account of what she termed the illegal 
taking of funds by Miramon, who, on the 16th day of 
November, 1860, had laid his hands on one hundred and 
fifty-two thousand pounds sterling, which was the prop- 
erty of Englishmen. England was aware that highway- 
men were not a small class of individuals in Mexico, but 
she had never learned that writers upon international 
law had laid it down that an army had a legal right to 
rob the house of the British Legation, and that the flag 



MAXIMILIAN. 65 

Avas no protection. The money so taken was in the house 
of that Legation. 

The Mon- Almonte treaty, made at Paris in September, 
1859, between Spain and the Chm-ch j^arty, provided for 
the payment of Spanish chiims. The downfall of that 
party had the etfect to annul that treaty, in the judg- 
ment of the reigning power, as they refused to rec- 
ognize it. Mexico had assumed the position that the 
home debt due to her citizens should be paid in prefer- 
ence to foreign claims. Spain, therefore, refused to sub- 
mit to what she termed a denial of justice. 
, A Swiss banker, named Jecker, who came to Mexico 
some years ago, had amassed a fortune that was num- 
bered by millions. Such a man, with such a fortune, 
was not an undesirable friend for any one wishing to 
carry on bold and expensive undertakings. Miramon 
considered the friendship of that man of value, and the 
heads of the two were brought together. Between the 
financial abilities of the two, a scheme was planned for 
enriching the Church party — at least for the benefit of 
Jecker and Miramon. A decree was issued on the 29th 
day of October, 1859, at the instigation of Miramon, 
that three million pounds sterling should be circulated 
in bonds. The decree provided that the bonds should 
be taken for taxes and import duties, and that they 
should bear interest at six per cent, per annum ; it also 
provided that the house of Jecker would pay one-half 
of the interest for five years. Certain regulations pro- 
vided that the holders of these bonds could transfer 
them, and receive in their stead Jecker bonds ; this was 
to be done by paying a certain percentage. Jecker was 
the person to issue the said amount of bonds. He was 
to be paid five per cent, on the issue. It appears that 
the arrangement entered into was not executed, on the 
part of Jecker, as the provisions of the decree required. 
At the suggestion of Jecker, the contract was modified. 



66 MAXIMILIAN. 

And the final result of their making and unmaking of 
contracts, was to leave the Church party liable for the 
sum of three millions seven hundred and twenty thou- 
sand pounds sterling, and Jecker in such condition as to 
be unable to comply with his agreement. In fact, his 
house, in May, 1860, suspended payment. The bonds 
went into the possession of his creditors. The Liberal 
party#com.ing into power, refused to acknowledge any 
debt based upon the foregoing transactions. France 
considered it a legitimate claim against the Mexican 
Government, regardless of the name of the reigning 
party, and that it ought to be paid. France had other 
claims against Mexico, amounting to twelve millions of 
dollars. The foregoing claims, added to the complaints 
for maltreatment of the subjects of the three powers, 
formed the basis of the allied intervention. 

The Mexican Government assumed the position that 
it never had refused to enter into an equitable and just 
arrangement with Mr. Jecker ; that is to sa}^, to pay 
him the amount of money actually advanced to the 
Government by him, with interest, or some compensa- 
tion for its use. That Government further contended 
that Jecker, instead of applying to the finance depart- 
ment for an arrangement, or to the court of justice, to 
sue the Government, resorted to the Legation. France 
proposed to take a certain sum, about ten millions of 
dollars, payable out of the proceeds of the custom-house ; 
and if the proposition was not accepted, her intimation 
was, w^ar to destruction. 

Mexico was firmly of opinion that the claims demanded 
were exorbitant, and far more than justice would dictate. 

I have not herein set forth the particulars of the 
respective claims of the allied powers ; such a statement 
is not requisite for the purposes of this work. Neither 
is it my province to weigh said claims in the scales of 
justice. The general nature of the claims has been 



3IAXIMILIAX. C7 

given which formed the ground-work of that interven- 
tion which vras introductory to the establishment of the 
empire over which tlie unfortunate Maximilian reigned. 

The three complaining powers already mentioned 
agreed, in convention at London, October, 1861, tliat 
each of them should send to ?dexico an equal naval 
force ; and as to the number of troops to be furnished 
by each, that that should be regulated according to the 
number of subjects which the respective powers had in 
Mexico. It was understood by said powers that the in- 
tervention was only for the purpose of enforcing pay- 
ment of their respective claims. England did not 
appear satisfied with the justness of the whole of the 
French demand. S])ain coincided with England upon 
that point. Notwithstanding that, the allied powers 
sent a joint fleet to Vera Cruz, Avhich, on tlie 6th of 
January, 1862, reached the port of its destination. On 
the following day they disembarked the following num- 
ber of troops : six thousand three hundred Spanish, two 
thousand eight hundred French, and eight hundred 
English. By virtue of a treaty signed at Soledad, 
February 19th, 1862, the allied forces were permitted to 
leave the unhealthy coast, and to take up their quarters 
near Orizaba, where they might inhale the pure mountain 
air. The leaders of the respective armies did not agree 
in all matters of discussion in their conference. The 
English and Spanish ofRcers did not differ on another 
proposition ; and that was, that they would leave the 
French forces alone in their glory. The chiefs of the 
forces of the two former powers decided to right-about 
face, and steer homeward, which they did in the follow- 
ing April. 

On the 17th of May, 1863, the city of Puebla, after a 
siege of sixty-two days, surrendered to the French army, 
which entered the city two days later, by order of 
General Forey, commander-in-chief thereof. Soon there- 



68 - MAXIMILIAX. 

after, tliat army, in conjunction with certain Mexican 
forces under General Marquez, took up their line of 
march for the city of Mexico. On the 31st of May, 
the Juarez party fell back from that city; and on 
the 10th of June following, the allied forces entered 
the city without resistance. On the 16th, the French 
General issued a decree that a provisional government 
should be formed ; and that the citizens to be invested 
with governmental powers should be elected by a Supe- 
rior Junta of government, composed of thirty-five per- 
sons, in accordance with another decree which was 
issued on the 1 8th. The Junta elected for its President 
Seiior D. Teodosio Lares, and for its Secretary, Sres. D. 
Jose Maria Andrade and D. Alejandro Arango y Escan- 
don. On the 2 2d, the Superior Junta of government 
invested the Provisional Executive Power in General 
T>. Juan ]Sr. Almonte, Archbishop T>. Palagio Antonio 
de Labastida, and General D. Jose Mariano Salas ; and 
as SKj^lentes (supernumeraries). Dr. D. Juan B. Omaechea, 
Bishop of Tulancingo, and D. Ignacio Pavon, a lawyer. 
This new government assembled with great solemnity 
on the 25th of June. On the 2d of July they published 
an edict containing a list of two hundred and fifteen per- 
sons, who, jointly with the Superior Junta, were thereby 
declared to constitute the Assembly of Notables, in- 
trusted with the duty of providing a plan for a perma- 
nent government. This Assembly chose for its presi- 
dent and secretaries, respectively, the same persons that 
held those positions in the Superior Junta. They were 
solemnly installed on the 8tli of July, in presence of the 
Executive, the French commander-in-chie|^ and Count 
Dubois de Saligny, Minister Plenipotentiary of France. 
A committee was appointed by the Assembly to draft a 
form of government. On the 10th, the committee sub- 
mitted their plan to the Assembly, which was unani- 
mously adopted. There were present two hundred and 



MAXIMILIAN. GO 

thirty incinbers. Ten had resigned, and the remainino- 
ten, through sickness and pressing business of their own, 
failed to attend. In accordance with the plan, the As- 
sembly issued a decree, which was published on the 11th 
of July, containing the following : 

" Manuel G. Aguirre, Political Prefect of the District 
of Mexico, to its inhabitants. Know ye : 

" That by the Secretary of State and of the Office of 
Foreign Pelations, has been communicated to me the 
foUowino; decree : 

Palace of the SupiiE:srE Executive Powek, 
Mexico, July 11th, 1863. 

' The Supreme Provisional Executive Power has been 
pleased to transmit me the decree Avliich follows : 

' The Supreme Provisional Executive Power of the 
Nation, to the inhabitants thereof. Know ye : 

'That the Assembly of Notables, by virtue of the 
decree of the IGtli, last i^assed, for the purpose of making 
known the form of government most agreeable to the 
nation, in the exercise of the full power which the nation 
has, to establish itself, and as the organ and interpreter 
of the nation, declares with absolute indej)eiidence and 
liberty, the following : 

' 1st. The Mexican Nation adopts for its form of gov- 
ernment, a limited, hereditary monarchy, with a Catholic 
prince. 

' 2d. The Sovereign will take the title of Emperor of 
Mexico. 

' 3d. The Imperial Crown of Mexico is oiFered to His 
Imperial Highness, Prince Ferdinand Maximilian, Arch- 
duke of Austria, for him and his descendants. 

' 4th. In case of any circumstances, impossible to fore- 
see, the Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian should not 
take possession of the throne which is oftered him, the 
Mexican nation submits to the benevolence of Napo- 



70 MAXIMILIAN. 

leoii in., Emperor of tht) French, to indicate to her 
another Ciitholic prince. 

' Given in the Hall of Sessions of the Assembly, on the 

10th day of July, 1863. 

' Teodosio Lares, President. 
' Alejandro Akango y Escaxdon, Secretary. 
'Jose Maria Andrade, Secretary." 

'Therefore, it is ordered that the same be prin'ced, 
j^ublished by a national edict, circulated, and that due 
compliance be therewith given. 

' Given in the Palace of the Supreme Executive Power, 
in Mexico, on the 11th of July, 1863. 

' Juan N^. Almonte, 
' Jose Maria Salas, 
' Juan B. Omaechea.' 

' To the Sub-secretary of State and of 

the Office of Foreign Relatione.' 

' And I communicate it to you for your information 
and the consequent terminations. 

J. Miguel Arrozo, 
Sub-secretary of State and of 
the Office of Foreign Relations 

' Sefior Political Prefect of Mexico.' 

" And in order that notice of it may reach every one, 

I order that it be printed, published, and circulated by 

the persons charged with the same. 

" Manuel G. Aguirre, 

" Political Prefect. 
" Mexico, July 13th, 1863. 

" To Jose M. de Garay, Secretary 

General of the Prefecture." 

By a decree of the 11th of July, the Assembly of 
Kotables abolished the name of " Provisional Executive 



MAXIMILIAX. 71 

Power," and adopted that of " Regency of the Empire," 
in its stead. 

Soon after that the Regency appointed a commission 
to carry to the Archduke Maximilian of Austria the 
decree of the Assembly, and offer him the crown of 
Mexico. This commission was composed of Seiiores 
D. Jose M. Gutierrez Estrado, D. Jose Hidalgo, D. An- 
tonio Escandon, D. Tomas Murphy, General D. Adrian 
Woll, D. Ignacio Aguilar, D. Joaquin Velasquez de 
Leon, D. Francisco Javier Miranda, a priest, and T>. 
Angel Iglesias as Secretary. The four first were at that 
time in Europe ; the others embarked at Vera Cruz for 
San Xazario about the loth of August. 

On the 3d of October, 1863, the deputation was offi- 
cially received by the Archduke Maximilian, in the Pal- 
ace of Miramar, his usual residence, near Trieste. 

The president of the deputation, Seiior Gutierrez de 
Estrada, delivered to the Archduke the following;' dis- 
course : 

" Pkince : 

" The Mexican nation, scarcely restored to its lib- 
erty by the beneficial influence of a powerful and mag- 
nanimous monarch, sends us to present ourselves to Your 
Imperial Highness, the object and centre, to-day, of its 
purest wishes and most flattering hopes. 

" We will not speak. Prince, of our tribulations and 
our misfortunes, known by every one, and which have 
been extended so far that the name of Mexico has become 
synonymous with desolation and ruin. 

" Struo-o'lino; a Ion 2; time ao-o to extricate ourselves from 
so painful a situation, and which, if possible, is even bit- 
terer, on account of the sad future placed before our eyes, 
than the present evils ; there has been no arbitrator to 
whom this unhappy nation could have been submitted ; 
a tiial which could not have been made in the fatal circle 



72 MAXIMILIAN", 

ill winch it was placed, — having unskilfully adopted and 
confided in repuhlican institutions, so contrary to our nat- 
ural constitution, our natural customs and traditions, and 
which, while increasing the greatness and pride of a 
neighboring people, have been for us but an incessant 
source of the most cruel misfortunes. 

" Our country has passed nearly half a century in that 
sad existence, full of unprofitable sufiering and intolera- 
ble shame. But, all the spirit of life and all faith in the 
future were not extinguished in us. Our firm confidence 
being placed in the Sovereign Regulator and Arbitrator 
of nations, we did not cease hoping and soliciting with 
eagerness the desired remedy for its ever-increasing tor- 
ments. 

" And our hopes were not in vain. The mysterious 
ways are visible through which Divine Providence has 
led us to that fortunate situation in which we now find 
ourselves, and which the highest intelligence scarcely 
conceived possible. 

" Mexico, then, again master of her destinies, and taught 
by the experience of past errors, now makes a supreme 
eflbrt to regain herself. 

"To other political institutions she recurs anxiously 
and hopingly, promising herself that she will be even 
more prosperous than when she was a monarchical col- 
ony of Europe ; and still more if she should succeed in 
having at her head a Catholic Prince, who, with his emi- 
nent and acknowledged merit, unites also that nobleness 
of sentiment, that force of will, and that rare abnegation 
which is the privilege of men predestined to govern, to 
regenerate, and to save misled and unhappy nations 
at the decisive hour of their acknowledged error and 
danger. 

" Mexico promises herself much, Prince, from the insti- 
tutions which gOA^erned her for the space of three centu- 
ries, and which left us, when they disappeared, a splendid 



MAXIMILIAN. 73 

legacy, that we did not know how to preserve under 
the Republic. 

" But if that faith in monarchical institutions is <?reat 
and profound, it cannot be complete if these institutions 
are not personified in a Prince endowed with the high 
gifts which Heaven has dealt out to you with a prodigal 
hand. 

" A monarch can, without great gifts of intelligence or 
character, increase the fortunes of his people, when that 
monarch is but the successor to an ancient monarchy, in 
a country of ancient monarchies ; but a Prince requires 
exceptional qualities when he has to be the first of a 
series of kings — in short, the founder of a dynasty and 
the heir of a Republic. 

" Without Your Imperial Highness — believe these lijjs, 
that have never been stained with flattery — it would be 
inefficacious and ephemeral, whatever might be the at- 
tempt, to raise our country from the abyss in which it 
lies ; and besides, the generous views of the powerful 
monarch whose sword has redeemed us, and whose 
strong arm now sustains us, would be frustrated. 

" With Your Highness, so versed in the difficult science 
of government, the institutions will be what they ought 
to be, to secure the prosperity and independence of 
their new country, which has for its basis that true and 
progressive Liberty, the sister of Justice, which is its 
first condition, and not that false liberty, unknown 
among us except by its excesses and ravages. 

"Those institutions, with the modifications which 
jDrudence dictates and the necessity of the times re- 
quires, will serve as an insurmountable defence to our 
national independence. 

"These convictions and these sentiments, of which 
long ago many Mexicans were possessed, are found, to- 
day, Prince, in the consciences of all, and spring from 
every heart. In Europe, even, whatever may be the 

4 



74 MAXIMILIAN?. 

sympathies or opposition, there is only one voice in 
regard to Your Imperial Highness and your august 
spouse, so distinguished for her high qualities and ex- 
emplary virtues, who soon will share your throne and 
our hearts, and will be loved, exalted, and blessed by 
every Mexican. 

" We, who are but feeble interpreters of that general 
applause of love, of the hopes and prayers of a whole 
nation, come to present in that nation's name, to Your 
Imperial Highness, the crown of the Mexican Empire, 
which the people offer you. Prince, freely and spontane- 
ously, by a solemn decree of the Notables, already rati- 
fied by many provinces, and which soon will be, as 
every one says, by the entire nation. 

" We cannot forget, Prince, that this act meets with a 
happy coincidence — that of the country celebrating the 
anniversary of the day when the national army tri- 
umphantly planted, in the capital of Mexico, the standard 
of independence and of monarchy, calling to the throne 
an Archduke of Austria, in default of an Infante of 
Spain. 

" Accept, Prince, favorably, the wishes of a people who 
invoke your assistance, and who fervently pray Heaven 
to crown the glorious work of Your Highness ; and who 
ask God also that power may be granted unto them to 
worthily respond to the persevering efforts of Your Im- 
perial Highness. 

" Lastly, Prince, may the aurora of happier times shine 
forth for Mexico, after so much suffering, and may Ave 
have the incomparable happiness of being able to an- 
nounce to the Mexicans the good news which they are 
so anxiously desiring ; — good news not only for us, but 
M.lftO for France, whose name to-day is as inseparable 
from our history as it will be from our gratitude ; good 
■aews for England and Spain, who commenced this great 
work at the convention in London, after having been the 



MAXIMILIAN. 75 

first to recognize its justice, and to proclaim its imper- 
ative necessity ; and finally, for the renowned dynasty 
of Ilapsburg, that crowns this great work with Your 
Imperial and Royal Highness. 

" We are not ignorant, Prince, I repeat it, of the ab- 
negation which Your Imj^erial Highness requires, and 
which alone can make agreeable the thoughts of your 
duties so pleasing to Divine Providence (who does not 
create princes and give them great qualities in vain), 
since Your Imperial Highness has been disposed to ac- 
cept, with all its consequences, a mission so difticult and 
arduous, at such a distance from your country, and from 
the illustrious and poAverful throne, on the first step to 
which is found Your Imperial Highness ; and so far from 
this Europe which is the centre and emporium of the 
civilization of the world. 

" Yes, Prince, the crown is very heavy which our ad- 
miration and love offers you to-day ; but the day will 
come, we hope, when its possession will be enviable 
(thanks to your efforts, which Heaven will know how to 
recompense), with our co-operation and unalterable gra- 
titude and loyalty. 

" Great have been our errors, alarming is our fall ; 
but we are the sons of those, Prince, w^ho, at the cry of 
Religion^ Country^ and King (three great things which 
so well unite with liberty), that there has been no un- 
dertaking, however great, that we would not have 
attempted — no sacrifice that we would not have known 
how to encounter, firmly and boldly. 

" Such are the sentiments of Mexico, on its regenera- 
tion, such the aspirations with which we have received 
the honorable charge of presenting faithfully and re- 
spectfully to Your Imperial and Royal Highness, the 
worthy scion of the illustrious dynasty which counts 
among: its o^lories that of having: carried Christian civ- 
ilization to our own soil on which we live. Prince, and 



76 MAXIMILIAN. 

by which you establish, in this nineteenth century, by so 
memorable titles, order and true liberty — the happy 
fruits of that same civilization. 

" The task is great, but our confidence in Providence 
is greater; and that our confidence ought to be so, Mex- 
ico as it now is, and Miramar, of this glorious day, thus 
tell us." 

Archduke Maximilian responded to the foregoing ad- 
dress in the following manner : 

" Gentlemen : 

" I am profoundly grateful for the wishes expressed 
by the Assembly of Notables, in Mexico, in their session, 
on the 10th of July, and that you are charged to com- 
municate the same to me. 

" It is flattering to our house that the eyes of your 
compatriots were turned towards the family of Charles 
v., as soon as the word monarchy was pronounced. 

" However noble the task may be of securing the in- 
dependence and prosperity of Mexico, under the exit of 
institutions equally stable and free, I do not fail to agree 
with His Majesty the Emperor of the French, whose 
glorious initiative has made possible the regeneration of 
your beautiful country, that the monarchy could not be 
re-established there, on a perfectly legitimate and solid 
basis, unless the whole nation, expressing freely its will, 
would wish to ratify the wishes of the capital. So, then, 
upon the result of the generality of the votes of the 
country, I must make depend, in the first place, the ac- 
ceptance of the throne which is offered me. 

" On the other hand, comprehending the sacred duties 
of a Sovereign, it is necessary that I should demand in 
favor of the Empire, which is under consideration, the 
indispensable guarantees in order to place it under pro- 
tection from the danoers which mig^ht threaten its in- 



MAXIMILIAX. 77 

tegrity and independence. In case tliose pledges for 
future security sliould be obtained, and the election of 
the noble Mexican people, taken as a whole, should fall 
upon me, I shall be ready, with the consent of the august 
chief of my family, and confiding in the support of the 
Almighty, to accept the crown. 

"If Providence should call me to the hio-h civilizingr 
mission which is attached to that crown, I declare to you, 
henceforth, Gentlemen, my firm resolution of following 
the salutary example of the Emperor my brother, by 
opening to the country the wide road of progress, by 
means of a constitutional regime, based on order and 
morality ; and to seal with my oath, as soon as that vast 
territory may be pacified, the fundamental pact with the 
nation. It is only in this manner that a new and truly 
national policy can be inaugurated, in which all parties, 
forgetting their quarrels, will work together to give 
Mexico the eminent place which appears to be destined 
for her among nations, under a government which has 
for its principle equity injustice. 

" Remember, Gentlemen, to communicate to your 
countrymen the determinations which I have just an- 
nounced to you frankly, and to take the necessary meas- 
ures to consult with the nation as to the form of govern- 
ment they intend to adopt." 

Turning back again to the territory of Mexico, it was 
very apparent that, as the French and Mexican allies 
advanced into the interior, the cities, tow^ns, and villas 
gave strong evidence of a willing adherence to the Em- 
pire. Many chiefs of the Liberal party came under the 
Imperial banner, while the President and a very few 
others took refuge in the northern part of the Mexican 
territory. And the Regency having seen what they 
considered an expression of a majority of the people in 
behalf of the Empire, believed the time had arrived 



MAXIMILIAN. 



■when tliey ought to jjreseiit to the Archduke Maximi- 
lian that fact, and solicit him to comply with his prom- 
ise previously made to the Mexican deputation. 

In accordance with these views, the Regency appoint- 
ed a Mexican deputation composed of the following 
gentlemen : Seiiores D. J ose N. Gutierrez Estrada, D. 
Ignacio Aguilar, D. Jose Hidalgo, General D. Adrian 
Woll, D. Antonio Escandon, D. Jose M. de Landa ; and 
D. Angel Iglesias, as Secretary. 

This dejDutation met in the city of Trieste, prepared 
to execute the duties assigned them, as will be herein- 
after seen. 

In the month of March, 1864, Archduke Maximilian 
and the Archduchess Carlota, having been informed of 
the late acts of the Mexican people, and the intention of 
the deputation, visited Paris, London, Vienna, and Brus- 
Bels, to say farewell to family relatives ; and to treat 
w^ith Napoleon III., in regard to the aifairs of the con- 
templated new Empire. After that was accomplished, it 
became necessary to transact family business, pertaining 
to Austria. The most important was that of renouncing 
his, Maximilian's, right to the crown of Austria, in ac- 
cordance wdth the laws of that dynasty and empire. 
After a few days' consultation the affairs were settled, 
and the family agreement was signed April 9th. 



CHAPTER VI. 

Mexican deputation at Trieste and Miramar— Ceremonies of ofTering and 
accepting the Crown— Decrees— Address of deputation to Maximilian— His 
answer— Reply of deputation to his answer— Oath as Emperor, 

IN" the Hotel de Ville, at Trieste, the Mexican Depu- 
tation occupied apartments elegantly furnished by 
Archduke Maximilian. They had been notified that it 
would be expected that at the appointed hour they 
would be in readiness there, properly attired, to leave, 
in order to present themselves, on the tenth day of April, 
at the palace of Miramar, when and where they would 
be received by the Archduke, according to the pro- 
gramme already provided. 

The tenth day of that month was Sunday — the day of 
the week on which the poor, having ceased their week's 
labor, may feast their eyes on that stately palace, the 
green lawns, the mosaic flower-beds, the gracefully bend- 
ing leafy boughs, all pervaded by sweet-scented air, 
so that one's fancy suggests that nature had just per- 
fumed herself for a banquet with the gods. 

The inhabitants of Trieste and its suburbs were all 
agog that morning. The double attraction of seeing 
Nature decked in her gorgeous apparel, breathing forth 
intoxicating air, and decorated nobility in shining 
lustre, richly caparisoned steeds, carriages rolling in 
splendor — brought forth an unusual number of people, 
gliding like a living avalanche, on foot, and horse, and 
in brightly gilded and varnished vehicles. 

At ten o'clock in the morning, the gentlemen of the 
service, Count Hadick, an old Grand Master of His 
Highness, and Vice-Admiral of the Austrian navy, pro- 



80 MAXIMILIAN. 

ceeded to tlie city for tbe Mexican deputation ; and in 
fifteen minutes, clad in their elegant dress for the occa- 
sion, they were rolling in four shining carriages having 
the livery of His Highness the Archdnke, and drawn by 
splendid prancing steeds^ preceded by a mounted escort. 
Those carriages v/ere followed by othei-s containing per- 
sons of distinction, composed of Mexicans, Austrians, 
diplomats, generals, colonels, in full dress, with their 
decorations on their breasts ; also officers of the house 
of the Archduke. 

They w^ere soon before the enti"ance of the palace of 
Miramar. There they were received by Marquis Corio, 
Grand Master of Ceremonies ; and soon thereafter^ pre- 
ceded by the same officer, they entered the apartments 
provided for foreigners, where they were received by 
the Grand Master of the house of the Archduke, Count 
Zichy. 

At twelve o'clock, M., the Grand Master, preceded by 
the Grand Master of Ceremonies, conducted the depu- 
tation through the waiting saloon, the library, and the 
blue-room, to the hall of reception, where the Archduke 
was in readiness to receive them. 

His Highness stood in front of a table covered with 
magnificent tapestry, upon which were seen innumerable 
acts of adhesion to the new empire which had been 
created in Mexico. He was dressed in the uniform of a 
Vice-Admiral of the Austrian navy, on which was placed 
the Order of the Golden Fleece, and the Grand Cross of 
Saint Stephen. Standing on his left was his august 
spouse, the Archduchess Carlota. She was richly attired 
in an elegant rose-colored silk, adorned with the finest 
Brussels lace, a diadem, necklace, and earrings of dia- 
monds, and the Black Cord of the Order of Malta. She 
particularly attracted the attention of the whole audience. 
Her commanding form, her exquisite beauty, her beam- 
ing countenance, and her superb apparel, all united to 



MAXIMILIAN. 81 

make her appear like an enchantress— a being of poetical 
imagination. 

Their Imperial Highnesses occnpied one angle of the 
room, accompanied by General Frassart, Adjutant of 
tlie Field of Xapoleon HI., and the Imperial delegate, 
Seiior Ilurbet. The Grand Master stood at one side, in 
the rear of their Plighnesses, while the Grand Master of 
Ceremonies occnpied a position in front of the d:oor. 

In another angle of the room were the ladies of honor, 
the Princess of Metternich and the Marchioness de Ville, 
Countesses Zichy and Kollonitz, the Belgian Minister 
near Anstria, Mon. Monier, commander of the French 
frigate Themis^ and other distinguished personages. 

The Mexican deputation took their position in the 
form of a semicircle, in front of the Archduke and Arch- 
duchess ; Senor Gutierrez Estrada, the President of the 
deputation, stood in the centre of the outer points of 
the semicircle. In the rear stood other Mexicans, who 
were as follows : Don Francisco de P. Arrangoiz y Ber- 
zabal, E. Tomas Murphy, Colonel D. Francisco Facio, 
D. Andres ISTegrete, D. Isidoro Diaz, D. Pedro Escan- 
don. Colonel D. Jose Armero y Ruiz, D. Ignacio Montes- 
deoca (a priest), Dr. D. Pablo Martinez del Rio, D. Fer- 
nando Gutierrez Estrada (son of the President of the 
deputation), D. Ignacio Arnor, D. Pedro Ontiveras, and 
D. Joaquin Manuel Rodriguez. The two latter Avere 
prisoners at Puebla, but having recognized the Empire, 
were called into the service of His Highness ; making 
the number of twenty-one Mexicans present at the au- 
gust ceremonies. 

For a short time a profound silence reigned, and that 
emotion which usually precedes great events. At last, 
Seiior Gutierrez Estrada read with a firm voice, although 
occasionally a little tremulous, the address which will 
be hereinafter seen, and which the Archduke answered, 
accepting definitely the crown of Mexico. 

4* 



82 MAXIMILIAN. 

The Archduke had scarcely finished speaking, when a 
salvo of artillery from the bulwarks of the castle an- 
nounced the great event which had just been concluded, 
and that salvo was answered from the ships in the port, 
and from the forts of the city. 

At the conclusion of His Highness' speech, Senor 
Gutierrez Estrada knelt down and kissed the hand of 
the newly-made Emperor, in sign of homage, according 
to the Spanish custom, saying, " God save His Majesty, 
Maximilian I., Emperor of Mexico !" to which announce- 
ment all the Mexicans present responded by one united 
voice. 

The same demonstration of homage was made to the 
Empress. After that, the Abbot of Lacroma presented 
himself with mitre and stafi*, assisted by Fr. Tomas 
Gomez, a Spaniard of the Order of San Francisco, and 
by Dr. D. Ignacio Montesdeoca, a Mexican priest. 
Everything then being ready, the Emperor took the 
oath, which will be seen herein, placing his hand at the 
same time on the Book of the Evangelists, held by 
Seiior Montesdeoca. 

The Mexican flag was then raised upon the castle, and 
the frigate Bellona, of the Austrian navy, gave a salute 
of twenty-one guns, which was responded to by the 
frigate Themis^ and the artillery of the forts. 

Soon thereafter the deputation passed into the library, 
preceded by the grand master of ceremonies, and there 
waited until the Te Deum was announced ; at which 
time they were escorted to the seats reserved for them 
in the chapel of the palace. Their Majesties then pro- 
ceeded to the chapel, followed by the ladies of the court, 
and Count Hadick. The Abbot of Lacroma received 
them at the door. Their Majesties were in front of the 
audience. At the conclusion of the solemn Te Deum, 
Their Majesties withdrew. In a few moments thereafter, 
the grand master conducted into the presence of the 



MAXIMILIAK-. 83 

Emperor Senor Velazquez de Leon, Minister of State, 
General Woll, Adjutant of the Field, and Seiior Igle- 
sias, Secretary of the Cabinet ; all of whom took the 
oath before His Majesty to faithfully comply with the 
duties of their respective offices ; and immediately en- 
tered upon the discharge of them. 

Tlius ended the grand and imposing ceremony that 
surrounded the introduction of the reign of Maximilian 
I. of Mexico. The solemn proceeding produced many a 
tear from Mexican eyes. They viewed it as a good 
omen, foreshadowing happy days to them and their 
country. 

The day before the ceremony the Emperor of Austria, 
and the Archdukes, his brothers, arrived. They re- 
mained until certain family affiiirs were arranged, when 
they returned to Vienna. The parting of the two im- 
perial brothers was most affectionate. They embraced 
each other several times, and for a moment remained 
clasped, while tears trickled down their cheeks. The 
thought which occupied their minds then, alas ! has 
been too truly realized. It was, that that embrace 
might be the last. 

On the 10th, the day of that ceremony, the Emperor 
issued a decree commissioning D. Juan N. Almonte, his 
Lieutenant-General, to act at the head of affairs, until he, 
the Emperor, should arrive in Mexico ; also that the 
functions of the Regency should cease on the arrival of 
his Lieutenant-General. Also, by another decree, Seiior 
D. Joaquin Velazquez de Leon was appointed Minister 
of State. 

On that day was signed the treaty of Miramar, be- 
tween Maximilian and Napoleon. 

His Majesty appointed ministers plenipotentiary to 
notify his advent to the Courts of the Tuileries, St. 
James, the Holy See, and at Madrid and Brussels. 

He also re-established, by a decree, the Order of Gua- 



84 MAXIMILIAN. 

dalupe, which was created by a decree of the Regency, 
on the 29th day of September, 1863 : also providmg 
that there should be five different classes of gentlemen — 
1st, Order of the Grand Cross ; 2d, of the Grand Offi- 
cials ; 3d, of the Commentators ; 4th, of Officers ; and 
5th, of Gentlemen. 

On the same day he decorated with the Order of 
Grand Cross, Seiior T>. Jose M. Gutierrez Estrada, and 
Generals D. Leonardo Marquez and Tomas Mejia ; with 
the Order of Grand Officials, D. Francisco Arrangoiz y 
Berzabal, Tomas Murphy, D. Ignacio Aguilar y Maro- 
cho, D. Joaquin Velazquez de Leon, General D. Adrian 
Woll, and D. Jose Hidalgo ; with the Order of Com- 
mentators, D. Antonio Escandon, D. Jose M. de Landa, 
D. Francisco Facio, D. Andres Negrete, and D. Pablo 
Martinez del Rio ; with the Order of Officers, D. Angel 
Iglesias Dominguez, D. Fernando Gutierrez Estrada, D. 
Jose J. Rus, and T>. Manuel Mora y Ozta. 

The follo^dng is a copy of the decree appointing Se- 
nor Velazquez de Leon Minister of State : 

" My deae Velazquez de Leon : 

" I have just appointed you my Minister, sin catera 
(without full power), and charge you, until the forma- 
tion of my Cabinet, with the office of the affairs of 
State, committing to your care the corresponding seal. 

" You will remain in charge of these functions, under 
the instructions which will be given you hereafter on 
my part. 

" Given in the Castle of Miramar, the 10th of April, 
1864. 

" Maximilian." 

The Emperor, considering all the possibilities of the 
future, and desirinsr that in no case the orovernment 
should be without a head, issued the following decree : 



MAXIMILIAN. 85 

" Considering that nothing is so important as the pro- 
viding for the stability of the legitimate government of 
the nation that has chosen us Sovereign ; and, to guard 
against all casualties that may happen, I have just de- 
creed : That in case of death or any other contingency 
that may place us without the possibility of continuing 
to govern, the Empress, our august spouse, is the one 
who will be charged with the Regency of the Empire. 

" My present Minister of State, or, in case of his ina- 
bility, the respective Minister, will be charged with the 
execution of this decree. 

" Given in the Castle of Miramar, the tenth day of 
April, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-four. 

" MAXIMILIAlSr. 

" To my Minister of State, 

D. Joaquin Velazquez de Leon. 

"By order of His Imperial Majesty, 

*' JoAQuix Velazquez de Leox." 

As was observed hereinbefore, the President of the 
Mexican deputation delivered an address to Maximilian 
as Archduke, before his final confirmation as Emperor, 
which was in the followinsc lano-uas^e : 

" Prince : 

" The Mexican deputation has the pleasure of find- 
ing themselves again in your august presence ; and they 
experience an unspeakable joy in considering the mo- 
tives which brought them here. In fact, Prince, our 
happiness is complete, in informing you, in the name of 
the Regency of the Empire, that the vote of the ISTota- 
bles, by which you have been designated for the crown 
of Mexi'^o, is now ratified by the enthusiastic adhesion 
of an immense majority of the country, by the muni- 
cipal authorities and by the town corporations; and 
thus consecrated, that unanimous proclamation has 



86 MAXIMILIAN. 

become, by its moral importance and by its numerical 
strength, truly a national vote. 

" By this glorious title, and supported by the promise 
of the third of October, one thousand eight hundred 
and sixty-three, which created in the country such 
strong hopes, we present ourselves now to solicit of 
Your Imperial Highness the full and definite acceptation 
of the throne of Mexico ; which act will become the 
commencement of a union and a source of prosperity 
for the people, who have been subject, for so many 
years, to very severe and sad experiences. Those ex- 
periences have been such, that the people would have 
unquestionably succumbed under the weight of their 
misfortunes, without the help of one of the greatest em- 
pires of Europe, without the eminent qualities and the 
admirable self-denial of Your Imperial Highness, and 
lastly, without the freedom of action, for which you are 
indebted to the noble sentiments of the Emperor, your 
august brother — a worthy chief, by a thousand titles, of 
the illustrious House of Austria. 

" Honor and gratitude to those two Princes ! Honor 
and gratitude also to the glorious nation which, at the 
call of its Sovereign, has not vacillated in spilling its 
blood for our political redemption ; and creating in this 
manner, between the two continents, a new faternity in 
history, when history has exhibited us in Europe, until 
now, as tyrannical. Honor and gratitude to that Em- 
peror, as great as he is generous, who, in making the 
French interest the whole interest of the world, within 
a few years, and in spite of passing objects, has had the 
glory and the fortune of raising the flag of France 
(always feared, but always sympathetical), in the dis- 
tant confines of the Chinese Empire, and in the remote 
limits of the divided Empire of Mexico. Honor and 
gratitude to such a people and to such Princes, is the 
cry of every true Mexican. 



MAXIMILIAN. 87 

"In conquering the love of nations, you liave learned 
the art of governing them. Thus it is, that after so 
many struggles, our country, which experiences the impe- 
rious necessity of a union, will owe to you some day the 
inestimable favor of havinjx reconciled the hearts of the 
Mexicans, whom 2:)ublic misfortunes and the blindness 
of passion have divided, but who are only waiting for 
your beneficial influence and the exercise of your pa- 
ternal authority, to teach them to be animated by the 
same identical sentiments. 

" A Princess, who is no less a queen by her graces 
than by her virtues and high intelligence, will know, 
without doubt, from the height of the throne, how to 
bring about a perfect union for the general respect of 
the country. 

" In order to see these benefits realized, Mexico, with 
a filial confidence, places in your hands the sovereign 
and constituent power that must regulate its future 
destinies and secure its glorious future, promising you, 
in this moment of solemn alliance, a love without limits, 
and a fidelity unalterable. 

" The people assure you. Prince, that being Catholic 
and monarchical by an uninterrupted secular tradition, 
they find in Your Imperial Highness, a worthy scion of 
the Emperor Charles V., and of the Empress Maria 
Theresa, the symbol and personification of those two 
great principles wdiich are the bases of their primitive 
existence ; and under the protection of which, with the 
institutions and the means which passing time has made 
necessary in the government of societies, they will be 
able to place themselves one day in the elevated rank 
which they are called to occupy among nations. In 
hoc signo vinces. 

"To these two great principles, Catholic and mo- 
narchical, which were introduced into Mexico by the 
noble and generous people who made its discovery, and 



88 MAXIMILIAN*. 

who rooted out therefrom the errors and the darkness 
of idolatry — to these principles, which created us for 
civilization, we shall be indebted this time also for our 
welfare, enlivened as they have been by our indepen- 
dence, and as they are to-day by the pleasing hopes 
which are perpetuated by the new-born Empire. On 
this day, which would not be one of happiness if it were 
not equally one of justice, our thoughts involuntarily 
turn to historic times, and to the series of glorious mon- 
archs, among which are the illustrious ancestors of Your 
Imperial Highness, that excel in splendor. 

"jS'ations, like individuals, ought in their hours of joy 
to speak with aifectionate gratitude of their ancestors 
that no longer exist ; and it is for us, Prince, a glorious 
honor to make that just acknowledgment apparent to 
the eyes of all, at the same moment when our unexpected 
fortune is attracting equally the eyes of the astonished 
world. 

" On manifesting to you. Prince, our wish and our 
hopes, we do not say, we cannot say, that the task may 
not be difficult ; for the founding of an empire always 
was and always will be so. The only thing which we 
can assure is, that the difficulties of to-day will be your 
glory to-morrow ; and we will even add, that the work 
undertaken reveals in a patent form the hand of God. 
When the time shall arrive that our hopes will be satis- 
fied, our predictions fulfilled ; when Mexico shall appear 
prosperous and regenerated, then, when remembering 
that Europe sent, to save us, its valorous battalions to 
the top of the Anahuac, to the shores of the Pacific, in 
an epoch in which Europe itself was full of fears and 
dangers, neither Mexico nor Europe, nor the world, nor 
that other world which comes after us, nor that which 
is called history, can doubt that our salvation, which 
was obtained contrary to all human probabilities, will 
have been the work of Providence, and that Your Im- 



MAXIMILIAX. 89 

perial Highness was the instrument selected to consum- 
mate it. 

"And further, while thinking of the fortunate des- 
tiny of our country, we cannot forget, Prince, that in 
the hour of our rejoicing the most profound sadness 
reigns in other parts. We well understand that this 
Austrian country, and principally Trieste, your favorite 
abode, will be inconsolable on account of your absence, 
and we extend to them our sympathies ; but the recol- 
lection of your good acts and the splendid reflection of 
your glory, will be a consolation to them. 

"After having had the inestimable fortune to hear 
from the lips of Your Imperial Highness the words of 
hope, that your definite acceptation would be a reality, 
condescend, Prince, to concede to us the notable honor 
and unspeakable happiness of being the first among the 
Mexicans who reverently salute you, in the name of the 
country, as the Sovereign of Mexico, the Arbitrator of 
its destinies, and the depositary of its future. All the 
Mexican people that aspire with inexpressible impatience 
to possess you, will receive you in their favored land 
with a unanimous expression of gratitude and love, 

" This brilliant spectacle, which for others would be 
the height of their desire, will only serve to give you 
new life, and increase your ambition. 

" The recompense will providentially come, as the un- 
dertaking advances toward completion. 

" There will be no premium more enviable than that 
which Your Highness will receive, in seeing, at no re- 
mote day, Mexico prosperous and respected ; and in 
truth, you could not experience joy purer, nor pride 
more legitimate, than that of having founded, on the 
volcanic ground of the Moctezumas, a powerful empire, 
which would unite soon for its splendor and your glory, 
that favorable influence of that native wisdom with 
which Heaven has endowed our American land, to the 



90 MAXIMILIAN. 

most perfect of that Avhich the justly j^raised European 
organization can offer. 

" The ultimate conviction, Prince, that crowns us with 
such a happy presage is, that Mexico, which calls you 
beyond the seas, and the entire world that beholds you, 
will not be long in observing that Your Imperial High- 
ness has not had in vain before your eyes from your 
infancy, on the triumphal arch of the Palace of his an- 
cestors, that inscription so worthy of them, and which 
strikes the traveller with admiration : Justitia regnormn 
fiindamentmn — Justice is the foundation of Empires." 

His Imperial Highness answered the foregoing address 
and request in the following terms : 

" Gentlemen : 

"A mature examination of the acts of adhesion 
which you have just presented me, gives me confi- 
dence that the vote of the Notables of Mexico, which 
brought you a short time ago, for the first time, to 
Miramar, has been ratified by an immense majority of 
your compatriots, and that I can consider myself hence- 
forth, with good right, as the elect of the Mexican peo- 
ple. Thus, the first condition in my answer, which I 
gave on the 3d of October last, has been complied with. 
" Another thing also I indicated to you then — namely, 
in relation to the securing of the necessary guarantees 
that the new-born Empire should calmly devote itself 
to the noble task of establishing on a solid basis its in- 
dependence and prosperity. To-day, Ave can count upon 
those securities, thanks to His Majesty the Emperor of 
the French, who, in the course of the negotiations which 
have taken place upon this point, has shown himself 
constantly animated by a spirit of loyalty and of benev- 
olence, the recollection of which I will always preserve 
in my memory. 



N 



MAXIMILIAX. 91 

" On the other hand, the august chief of my family 
has consented that I may take possession of the throne 
which is oifered me. 

" ISTow, then, I can comply with the conditional prom- 
ise which I made you six months ago, and declare here, 
as solemnly I do declare, that, with the help of the Al- 
mighty, I accept from the hands of the Mexican nation 
tlie crown which it offers me. Mexico, following the 
traditions of that new continent, full of vigor and hopes 
for the future, has used the right which it possesses of 
choosing the form of government in conformity with its 
wishes and necessities, and has placed its liopes on a 
scion of the House of ITapsburg, Avhich three centuries 
ago planted on its soil a Christian monarchy. I appre- 
ciate in its full value such a high proof of conhdence, 
and I will try to sustain it. I accept the constituent 
power Avith which the nation whose organ you are. 
Gentlemen, has wished to invest me, but which I shall 
hold only so long as may be necessary to create regular 
order, and to establish institutions wisely liberal. So 
that, as I announced in my address of the 3d of October, 
I Avill hasten to place the monarchy under the authority 
of constitutional laws, as soon as the pacification of the 
country shall liaA^e been completely consummated. The 
poAv^er of a nation is secured, in my judgment, much 
more by the firmness than by the uncertainty of its 
limits ; and I shall aspire to place those in ofiicial po- 
sition, Avho, Avithout the loss of their prestige, may be 
able to guarantee its stability. 

" AYe shall proA^e, I hope, that liberty, correctly un- 
derstood, is perfectly reconcilable Avith a well-goA^erned 
empire. I shall knoAv how to respect the first, and to 
cause to be respected the second. 

" I shall not display less A'igor in always maintaining, 
high elevated the standard of independence, that sym- 
bol of future greatness and prosperity. 



92 MAXIMILIAI^. 

" Great is tlie undertaking that is confided to me ; but 
I do not doubt that I shall complete it, confiding, as I 
do, in Divine help, and in the co-operation of all good 
Mexicans. 

" I will conclude, Gentlemen, assuring you again that 
my Government will never forget the obligation v/hich 
it owes to the illustrious monarch whose friendlv assist- 
ance has made the regeneration of our beautiful country 
possible. 

" Lastly, Gentlemen, I ought to announce to you that, 
before departing for my new country, I shall be detained 
only by the time necessary to visit the Holy City, to re- 
ceive from the Venerable Pontifi" the blessings so pre- 
cious for every Sovereign, but doubly important to me, 
who have been called to found a new empire." 

The President of the deputation made the following 
reply to the acceptance of the crown by Maximilian : 

"Being possessed of an unparalleled emotion, and 
overcome by an unspeakable joy, we receive. Sire, the 
solemn ' Yes' which Your Majesty has just pronounced. 
This acceptance, full and absolute, so ardently desired, 
and so earnestly hoped, is the happy prelude, and ought 
to be, with the help of God, the sure pledge for the sal- 
vation of Mexico, for its regeneration and future great- 
ness. Then will our sons give thanks to Heaven for this 
truly extraordinary redemption. 

" One duty still remains with us. Sire, to fulfil — that is 
the duty of placing at your feet the love of the Mexi- 
cans, their gratitude, and their homage of fidelity." 

To complete the ceremony of making Maximilian Em- 
peror, it became necessary for him to take the oath of 
ofiice ; and for that purpose the mitred Abbots of Mira- 
mar and Lacroma, Mr, George Racie with mitre and 



MAXIMILIAN. 93 

Staff, assisted by Tom as Gomez, a friar of the Order 
of Francisco, and Dr. Ignacio Montesdeoca, presented 
themselves ; and before them Maximilian took the oath 
in the following form : " I, Maximilian, Emperor of 
Mexico, swear to God by the Holy Evangelists, that I 
w411 try to promote, through all the means within my 
power, the welfare and prosperity of the nation, to de- 
fend its independence, and to preserve the whole of its 
territory." 

This solemn act was subsequently greeted with shouts 
of " Long live the Emperor," and " Long live the Em- 
press," by the whole audience, as with one united voice. 

The audience then separated awhile, without any par- 
ticular ceremony, waiting for the hour to arrive which 
had been appointed for the grand Te Deum, at which 
time all again assembled in the chapel. His Majesty 
appeared with the insignia of Grand Master of the Mex- 
ican Order of Guadalu23e. 

As the oath of office was completed, the flag of Im~ 
perial Mexico waved in the breeze over the tower of the 
castle. Guns from the frigate Bellona, of the Imperial 
navy of Austria, poured forth salutes in honor of the 
event, to the number of twenty-one. The castle of 
Trieste and the French frigate Themis answered, with 
their gruff, rumbling notes, the salute from the Bellona, 
which echoed and re-echoed o'er the sea and the land. 

A written act of this great event was executed, signed 
by the parties, in duplicate, and transmitted to the min- 
ister of foreign affairs and the archives of the Imperial 
House. 

Thus ended one great act in the imperial drama of 
Maximilian's life — a step on that march which led him 
from the elegant pleasures of Miramar to a seat on a 
tottering throne, in the I^ew World, in a volcanic re- 
gion, — more dangerous from the surging of political 
waves than from the seething elements of its burning 
mountains. 



CHAPTER VII. 

Departure of Maximilian and Carlota from Miramar for Mexico— Ceremonies 
— Visit at Eome— Ceremonies there— Visits en route — Arrival at Vera Craz. 

The cannon's roar was heard afar, 
Sweet music burst upon the air ; 
Good-bye, he said, to Miramar, 
Farewell, brave men and women fair. 

THE inhabitants of Trieste and the surrounding 
country will long remember the 14th day of April, 
A. D. 1864, as one of note in the calendar of remarkable 
events. In connection with it, the names of Maximilian 
and Miramar will be most vivid. They will loom up 
in the heaven of their memory like the full-orbed moon, 
as she sweeps along amid the myriad of stars that are 
lost in the effulgence of her splendor. 

The hum of business which Trieste usually presents 
was nearly silent on that day. It was a day of univer- 
sal excitement, and the thoughts of money-making were 
buried. It was the day of the departure of His Majesty 
Maximilian and his august spouse for their new home, in 
a new empire across the far-resounding sea, to the land 
where lie entombed the remains of the famed Moctezuma. 

The houses were emptied of their living inmates, and 
the out-door world was a heaving sea of humanity. The 
crowd was here and there; richly caparisoned steeds, 
with their loads of beauty and splendor, were prancing 
to the measure of well-timed music ; rich and poor were 
dressed in their gala attire, — some on foot, some on horse, 
surging this way and that, like ocean waves, — all eager 
to catch the farewell glimpse of their true friend, their 
real benefactor, who was soon to be welcomed in a dis- 
tant land, by a different race, and in a different tongue. 



MAXIMILIAT?". 95 

The moi'iiiiig of that eventful day was not one of 
calmness. The wind sharply whistled, and the roadstead 
of Trieste, in its angry ruffling motion, heaved upward 
and downward the little barks that were anchored on its 
bosom. But fortunately, near noon, the wind-spirit, as 
though suddenly bringing to its mind the importance of 
the occasion, quietly lulled itself away like a sleepy 
child, and the foamy white dissolved into the deep blue 
of the Adriatic. And the silent air, perforated by the 
genial rays of the mid-day sun, threw a radiant sj^lendor 
on the glassy sea, on the grassy lawns, and the flower- 
decked land. 

IsTot a cloud curtained the heavens; and far away 
above the distant horizon the Alps — those earthy mounds 
of nature — sat high wp against the sky, like monarchs 
wrapped in imperial robes of white, all variegated with 
rainbow hues by the reflected light from their ornamental 
jewels of dazzling diamond icicles bathing in the sun- 
light. 

Six steamers, belonging to the well-known Lloyd 
Company, were ploughing the Adriatic, to and fro, from 
the city of Trieste to the Archducal residence, the castle 
of Miramar. They conveyed the municipal officers of 
Trieste, the members of the Chamber of Commerce, the 
deputations from other cities, and also other invited 
guests. Three trains of cars were in continual motion, 
belting the air with their ribbons of smoke, freighting 
the livino; into the s^reat storehouse of merriment and 
grandeur — the grounds of Miramar. 

The castle, its surrounding heights, the walls, the gar- 
dens, the trees, and every prominent place, were all man- 
tled with human beings. The sea-shore was all traced in 
footprints. The roads leading to the sea were filled with 
carriages, omnibuses, mounted men, all dovetailed in 
with footmen. Not an elevated place in sight could be 
descried that had not its eager gazer. One might have 



96 MAXmiLIAN". 

fancied that Nature's great human hive had just swarm- 
ed there. 

Many of the enchanted multitude assembled there out 
of mere curiosity, to feast their strained eyes on the sur- 
rounding splendor and magnificence ; but there was a 
mio;htv satherins; of affectionate hearts, who hurried 
there in friendship's name, and in honor of a noble and 
generous prince, who had watched over their necessities 
with an anxious desire ; who had ncA^er turned a deaf 
ear to begging poverty ; whose friendship never turned 
cold ; and who had built up and commanded their small 
but effective navy. 

At two o'clock in the afternoon, the Empress, the 
beautiful Carlota, affectionately embraced the extended 
arm of the Emperor Maximilian within her own, and 
the two — one in heart and thought — departed from the 
palace, the cherished spot of His Majesty, winding their 
way across the terrace to the extreme end, where opened 
the stairway ; and down, down the white marble steps 
they went to the sea. The deafening shouts of " fare- 
well," the roaring cannon, the bugle-notes, the drum, 
all blending, drowned the murmuring song of the waves. 
The advent music, written for the occasion at Paris, by 
request of the Mexican deputation, was well executed 
by the band of the Trieste garrison ; which music was 
carried to Mexico by Commander Rodriguez in the 
steamer San Nazario. Just before descending the steps, 
Their Majesties paused a moment, and returned the 
friendly salutations of the great multitude. A beautiful 
little boat, all canopied with purple and gold, lay wait- 
ing close to the bottom step, in which the Sovereigns 
seated themselves — then glided along to the steamer 
Kovara, which was anchored to the cable of the castle. 

The brother of Maximilian, Louis Victor, accompanied 
him as far as Rome ; as also did General Woll, Chief of 
the Military House ; Seiior Velazquez de Leon, Minister 



MAXIMILIAN. 97 

of State ; the ladies of honor of the Empress ; tlie 
Countesses , Zichy and Colonitz ; Count Zichy, Grand 
Master ; the Chamberlams, Count de Bombells and 
Marquis de Corio ; Seiior Iglesias, his Secretary ; and 
Commander Ontiveras, Officer of Orders. 

As they entered the little boat, the Novara, the Thk,- 
tnis^ and the stationary Austrian frigate, all raised their 
flags ; and the different crews broke forth in wild shouts 
of joy ; and the surrounding little crafts raised their 
oars in token of adieu, while the artillery from deck 
and castle spoke from their deep-toned throats. Soon 
after His Majesty had firmly placed his foot on the No- 
vara, the Austrian colors were removed, and the flag of 
Mexico raised in its stead. A short period only elapsed 
thereafter, when the Novara weighed anchor and steam- 
ed away on her course, escorted by the French steamer, 
Themis^ and an Austrian fleet of eleven steamers. The 
gallant yacht. Fantasia, which the Austrian government 
had usually placed at the disposition of the Archduke, 
during his residence at Miramar, led oif the fleet. Then 
came the Novara, followed at some two cables' length 
by the Themis^ which escorted the Sovereigns to Vera 
Cruz, commanded by Captain Morier ; and behind all 
went the six Lloyd steamers. 

The whole squadron defiled before the city of Trieste, 
among the ships anchored in the roadstead, bearing their 
respective colors. The coast batteries muttered their 
thunder-notes, and as the Novara passed, the firing was 
so rapid that it seemed like one continued sound. The 
fleet passed so near the shore that the cheering multi- 
tude could be distinctly heard. The Lloyd steamers 
were intended to escort the Sovereigns as far as Pisano, 
which is about an hour's sail distant ; but some injury 
having happened to the machinery, prevented them from 
so doing. At Pisano was assembled a swama of boats, 
and the fishermen were eager for an opportunity to sa- 



98 ^ MAXIMILIAN. 

lute the Sovereigns as they glided by. The little boats 
were so numerous that it put one in mind of the schools 
of fishes that follow beneath the surface. 

That day and night the coasts of Italy and Dalmatia 
Avere visible ; also the arsenals of Porenzo, Forigno, and 
Pola. 

The Emperor had once concluded to visit for a few 
hours the Island of Lacroma, which is opposite Ragusa, 
and which is his pnvate property. It is noted as the 
S2-ot where Richard the Lion-Hearted touched on his re- 
turn from Palestine. There were built a church and 
convent, the latter having been turned into a castle by 
Maximilian. It is an island of some note, as one of lux- 
uriant vegetable productions, and of adaptability to the 
growth of tropical plants. 

Maximilian changed his intention as to stopping there ; 
and the Novara, leaving the eastern coast of the Adriatic, 
neared the coast of Italy. Everything went smoothly 
on, the accompanying vessels keeping true to their course, 
without requiring any signs of guidance from the No- 
vara. On the 16th, they doubled the Cape of Otranto, 
near enough to see the city of the same name, beauti- 
fully situated on the picturesque coast of Italy. 

About two hours later, having turned the heel of the 
Italian boot, they rounded the Cape of Santa Maria de 
Leuca, and entered into the Gulf of Tarento. Sunday 
morning, the IVth, about nine o'clock, they floated into 
the Strait of Messina. By noon they reached the foot 
of Stromboli, whose lofty crater was smoking away, like 
some tired giant resting from his labor. The next day, 
noon, they ruffled the waters of the roadstead of Civita 
Vecchia. Their contemplated arrival had been trum- 
peted ahead of them. Rome sent out smiling friends, 
among whom were General Montebello, commander-in- 
chief of the French army at Rome, with his staff; Baron 
Bach, Austrian Ambassador; Mr. de Carolus, Belgian 



MAXIMILIAN-. 99 

Minister; Seilor D. Ignacio Aguilar, Minister Plenipo- 
tentiary of Mexico near the Holy See. The railroad 
station was magnificently decorated, exhibiting the coat 
of arras of His Majesty, with the initials of both Sov- 
ereigns, "M., C." The French and Pontifical troops 
formed a double line, and as Their Majesties disem- 
barked, shouts went up from an immense concourse of 
people who had gathered on the wharf and shores to 
view the Imperial guests, and salvos of artillery from 
forts and ships announced with their sonorous voices the 
glad tidings of their arrival to the gazing multitude. 

At six o'clock in the evening Their Majesties and suite 
reached the Eternal City, amid the roar of the guns 
that guard the ancient Castle of San Angelo. The Sov- 
ereigns stopped at the Marescotti palace, where Seiior 
Gutierrez Estrada resided. This palace is one of the 
finest in the city. Its works of art are magnificent. 
Its frescoes were painted by Arpino ; and its furniture 
is of a costly style, and in elegant taste. The rooms 
were gayly decorated for the occasion. A throne Avas 
erected in one of the saloons, and an immense quantity 
of red and w^hite were exquisitely arranged so as to repre- 
sent the Mexican flag. 

The King of Naples paid his respects to Their Majes- 
ties; also Cardinal Antonelli, Prime Minister of His 
Holiness, presented himself. 

At eight o'clock in the evening a grand banquet was 
served, at which were seated about thirty persons. The 
new Sovereigns and the Mexicans at Rome composed 
the company. After that a reception took place, at the 
conclusion of which Their Majesties wandered out to 
the Plaza of Saint Peter's, thence to gaze at the moon- 
beams as they silvered o'er the ancient ruins of the 
Coliseum, — a sight which the Empress had never before 
witnessed. There is something' enchantinGr in the scene. 
He who beholds it at such an hour, departs reluc- 



100 MAXIMILIAN-. 

tantly. He looks, and as he turns to leave it, he halts, 
and glances again and again. His mind is flooded with 
its ancient history ; he forgets for a moment the age in 
which he lives. 

On the morning of the 19th, the whole party visited 
the Holy Father at the Vatican ; all were in their full 
uniform, ladies with elegant toilette, although in dark 
dresses, as is the custom in making such a visit. All 
along the street from the bridge of San Angelo were 
stationed mounted guards : in the avenues and court of 
the palace were placed sentinels on foot. The interior 
was guarded by the Swiss soldiers, with uniforms as neat 
as wax- work. Bishops, prelates, and officers of the house 
were presented to Their Majesties. Soon the Holy Father 
and the two new Sovereigns entered a small saloon, 
where they remained together and alone for over an 
hour. After that i^rivate audience the whole party had 
the opportunity of kissing the foot of His Holiness, 
which they did not fail to do. 

His Majesty paid a short visit to His Eminence the 
Cardinal Secretary of State, during which time the Em- 
press remained in the Vatican museum, amusing herself 
in examining the thousands of interesting and curious 
ancient and modern works of art, which have been 
gathered from all parts of the world. 

After the Emperor had finished his visit, the whole 
party returned, surrounded by an immense throng of 
people, to the palace of Marescotti, and rested until after 
breakfast, after which His Majesty visited the King of 
Naples, and other princes, to whom he was united by 
strong ties of friendship. Having spent a few hours 
with them in social conversation upon the subject of 
Italy and his newly-adopted home, he returned to the 
palace. A richly-spread table was served, having the 
best that the market could afford, choice viands and 
wines, in a saloon exquisitely decorated. That repast 



MAXIMILIAN. 101 

having been concluded, a pleasant soiree followed, where 
the Court, the Roman nobility, and other distinguished 
personages, gathered in large numbers, filling the diiFer- 
ent saloons, which were most brilliantly lighted, showing 
to most superb advantage the rich and costly furniture, 
the glittering pendants, and the still brighter diamonds 
that adorned the beautiful and extravagantly-attired 
ladies. Every face wore a smile, every eye glittered 
like the surrounding brilliants. The scene presented a 
view of grandeur, of wealth, and of happiness. 

On the day following. Their Majesties, accompanied 
by a part of the Mexican deputation, went to Mass, in 
a private chapel, where they received from the hands 
of His Holiness the communion. At the same time 
was delivered to them, by His Holiness, an eloquent, 
affectionate, and tender address, in the following words : 

" Behold the Lamb of God which blots out the sins 
of the world. Through Him kings reign and govern ; 
through Him kings do justice ; and if He permits kings 
to be often afflicted, through Him, nevertheless, is exer- 
cised all power. 

" I recommend to you, in His name, the happiness of 
the Catholic people, who have confided themselves to 
you. The rights of the people are great, and it is 
necessary to satisfy them ; but greater and more sacred 
are the rights of the Church, the immaculate wife of 
Jesus Christ, who redeemed us wdth His blood — with 
this blood that is now going to redden your lips. 

"Respect, then, the rights of your people and the 
rights of the Church ; w^iich means that you ought to 
procure, at the same time, the temporal and spiritual 
good of those people. 

*' And may our Lord Jesus Christ, through whom you 
are Qroino; to receive the communion, from the hands of 
his vicar, concede to you His grace in the abundance of 



102 MAXIMILIAlSr. 

His mercy. Miscreatur veMri omnipotens Deus^ et dl- 
'inissis peccatis vestris perdxicat vos ad vitmn ceternam. 
Amen." 

At the conclusion of this Mass, another was said, in 
the presence of the whole party. Then a light collation, 
or what is termed in Mexico a desayimo, was taken, in 
the private library of the Holy Father. His Holiness, 
the two Sovereigns, and Cardinal Antonelli ate at one 
table, — the others eating at several small tables, in the 
same room, and within a short distance of the distin- 
guished personages. Everything passed off pleasantly, 
without any stiffness. The audience was merry — the 
conversation at times being general; then again con- 
fined to their respective tables. 

At the conclusion of this repast. Their Majesties bid 
*' Good-morning" to His Holiness, and returned to 
Marescotti Palace. The remainder of the party left the 
Vatican at the same time. Not lonaj after that, Seiiores 
Aguila and Velazquez took a walk of pleasure and profit 
— of pleasure to themselves, and of profit to the Church. 
They presented themselves at the house of the Minister 
of State, and in the name of the Mexican Empire, ex- 
tended, as an oblation to the Holy Church, the sum of 
eight thousand dollars. It was most cordially received, 
and with a becoming grace. Was there ever a Church 
that would refuse such an offer ? 

A little past noon, the same day, the 20th, the Holy 
Father visited Their Majesties. The streets were 
thronged with people, and it was with difiiculty that 
one could elbow his way along. Troops formed on 
either side of the street, through which His Holiness 
passed. The music of the brass bands mingled with 
that of the merry chiming bells, and the shouts of the 
living mass, as the gilded carriage rolled steadily along, 
drawn by six richly-caparisoned black horses, and es- 



MAXIMILIAN. 108 

corted by the Guard ISToble. His Holiness was indeed 
encircled with great splendor. When all that gran- 
deur arrived at the palace, Their Majesties were in 
readiness at the entrance, to receive the Holy Father. 
As he approached quite near, the two Sovereigns, on 
bended knees, and the surrounding multitude in like 
position, received the benediction from His Holiness* 
His Majesty then arose, and giving his hand to the Holy 
Father, assisted him in descendincr from the carriao;e. 
Their Majesties and the Holy Father had a private 
interview ; after which was given a public audience to 
all the friends that desired to be presented. A short 
time having been spent here, the Holy Father took an 
affectionate leave of Their Majesties, who escorted him 
to his carriage in becoming style. 

Soon thereafter came breakfast ; which being finished, 
the whole party was ordered to be in readiness at four 
o'clock, in the afternoon, with the carriages, for the 
depot. At the appointed time everything was ready. 
They all reached the station, surrounded by the gazing 
crowd as before. After a shaking of hands and a fare- 
well-bidding to friends. Their Majesties, the ladies of 
honor, and Seiior Velazquez, entered the same car. 

Near the setting: of the sun the train reached Civita 
Vecchia, when again the booming cannon was heard, 
music, and shouts, as on their first landing. 

Between nine and ten o'clock, the Novara and Themis 
weighed anchor, and bore away on their course for 
Gibraltar. They coasted along the Islands of Baleares, 
and between five and six o'clock they saw the Island of 
Cabrera. Part of the time the wind blew pretty 
strongly, and the vessels plunged into the watery ele- 
ment, so that their guns nearly touched the Avater. The 
sky became cloudy ; after which came a fog. But before 
reaching the Straits of Gibraltar, the weather became 
calm. The wind, while it blew, came astern, and sent 



] 04 MAXIMILIAN. 

the vessels along at the rate of twelve knots pei 
hour. 

They entered the bay at Gibraltar about the middlo 
of the afternoon, saluted by the batteries of the citadel, 
and by an English vessel anchored in the port. Away 
in the distance was heard peal after peal, from the little 
Spanish town of Aigeciras, saluting Their Majesties. 
The guns of the Themis loudly responded. 

Their Majesties were visited by the Governor of Gib- 
raltar, General Count Codington, accompanied by his 
two adjutants, on board the Novara ; who, by invita- 
tion, dined with the two Sovereigns. The consuls of 
Austria and Belgium, at Tangiei^, crossed the water and 
paid the proper respects to Their Majesties. 

On the 27th of April, the two steamers left Gibraltar, 
and steamed away for the American waters. Their pas- 
sage was not unpleasant. They reached Martinique 
May 16th. On this island were many Mexicans, who 
were prisoners on account of their non-adherence to the 
party of the Intervention. His Majesty saw the prison- 
ers. Being anxious to reach the land of his destination, 
he did not wish to remain there longer than necessary. 
There being a few spare births on the Themis, His Ma- 
jesty selected, on the night of bis arrival, four Mexicans 
whom he liberated and sent to occupy those vacant 
births, that they might reach their homes. The impar- 
tiality of the Emperor was shown on this occasion. The 
authorities of the place had presented a list of four pris- 
onei^, whom they considered the most entitled to favor. 
But as His Majesty wished to have unbiased proof as to 
the character of the prisoners, he decided that he would 
not rely alone on the judgment of the officers tinder 
whose charge they were. He therefore said that the 
prisoner should vote among themselves as to which 
four were the most worthy of consideration. They did 
so, and the result was, that they elected the four already 



MAXIMILIAN. 105 

designated by the officers. These four expressed a 
strong desire to support the Empire. Eight more of 
the prisoners who had manifested a like adhesion, were 
furnished by the Emperor with funds to defray their 
expenses on the next vessel bound to Mexico. He also 
gave to those who were without funds the sum of two 
thousand francs ; promising at the same time, on his 
arrival in Mexico, to give their claims all the consid- 
eration and attention to which they might be entitled. 
It would have been almost an impossibility for him to 
have passed them without extending to them some favor: 
such was the character of the man. 

His acts of generosity being finished, the ships sailed 
on their way, arriving at Jamaica, May 21st. Remain- 
ing only one day, they steered directly for Vera Cruz, 
without visiting Havana, as many contemplated, and 
much to the regret of the Cubans. 

They had not sailed far from the island of Jamaica, 
when the Themis took the lead, pressing on steam, in 
order to herald the glad tidings of the near approach of 
the coming Sovereigns, to the people of Vera Cruz. At 
about six o'clock of the morning of the 28th of May, the 
Themis dropped her anchor in the port of her destina- 
tion. The news of the expected arrival of the new rulers 
spread with lightning speed all through the country. 

While far away from the coast of Mexico, Their Ma- 
jesties stood upon the quarter-deck of the No vara, 
straining their eyes to obtain a view of Orizaba peak, 
that mighty sentinel, that king of mountains, that pierces 
its hoary head high into the heavens, as though it were 
the supporting pier of the celestial canopy. But Nature, 
chary of the beauty of her architecture, threw a heavy 
mantle of clouds around the white drapery of snow, lest 
a summer's noonday sun should fringe it with rays. 

A little after two o'clock in the afternoon, the No- 
vara came steaming gallantly in, dropping anchor at a 



106 MAXIMILIAN, 

short distance to the south of the Castle of Uloa. The 
cannons thundered on sea and land, like the artillery of 
heaven; loud huzzas rent the air from the living mass 
that swarmed the wharf, sea-shore, and house-tops; 
rockets hissed through the heated air ; musicians w^ere 
blowing themselves into notice ; hats, handkerchiefs, 
flags, and banners were waving, high and low; the 
crowd, looking as though their greatest expectations had 
been realized, could hardly believe what their eyes be- 
held. ISTever did the arrival of living man cause in 
Vera Cruz such a gala-day, such a shout of universal 
joy. The arrival of Cortez, more than three centuries 
ago, might have been more surprising, but not half so 
welcome. 



CHAPTER YIIL 

Maximilian's proclamatiou at Vera Cruz— Ceremonies there— En route to Cor- 
dova— Orizaba— Puebla— Guadalupe— At the Capital. 

1]^ the afternoon of the 28th of May, soon after the 
arrival of the steamer No vara at Vera Cruz, the fol- 
lowing proclamation was issued by Maximilian, and cir- 
culated through that city : 

" Mexicans : 

" You have desired my presence ! Your noble na- 
tion, by a voluntary majority, has chosen me to watch 
henceforth over your destinies ! I gladly respond to 
this call. 

" Painful as it has been for me to bid farewell forever 
to my own, my native country, I have done so, being 
convinced that the Almighty has pointed out to me, 
through you, the noble mission of devoting all my 
strength and heart to a people who, tired of war and 
disastrous contests, sincerely wish for peace and prosper- 
ity ; to a people who, having gloriously obtained their 
independence, desire to reap the benefit of civilization 
and true progress. 

" The confidence which animates you and me will be 
croAvned by a brilliant success, if we always remain 
united to defend valiantly the great principles which 
are the only true and lasting bases of modern States — 
the principles of inviolable and immutable justice, 
equality before the law, an open road to every one to 
every career and social position, complete personal lib- 
erty well defined, having in it the protection of the in- 
dividual and property, the improvement of national 



108 MAXIMILIAN. 

riches, the advancement of agriculture, of mining, and 
of industry, the establishment of ways of communica^ 
tion for an extensive commerce, and finally, the free de- 
velopment of intelligence in all that relates to the pub- 
lic interest. 

" The blessings of Heaven, and with them progress and 
liberty, will not surely be wanting, if all parties, under 
the guidance of a strong and loyal government, unite to 
realize the objects I have just indicated, and if we always 
continue animated by the sentiment of religion, by which 
our country has been distinguished even in the most un- 
fortunate times. 

" The civilizing flag of France, raised to such a high 
position by her noble Emperor, to whom you owe the 
regeneration of order and peace, represents the same 
principles. This is what, some months ago, in sincere 
and disinterested language, the chief of her troops said 
to you, as the announcement of a new era of happiness. 

" Every countiy which has desired to have a future, 
has succeeded in being great and strong by following 
this road. United, loyal, and firm, God will give us 
strength to reach the degree of prosperity which is the 
object of our ambition. 

" Mexicans ! the future of our beautiful country is in 
our hands. As to me, I ofier you a sincere will, loy- 
alty, and a firm intention to respect your laws, and to 
cause them to be respected with an invariable authority. 

" God and your confidence constitute my strength : 
the flag of independence is my symbol : my motto you 
already know, ' Equity in Justice ;' I will be faithful 
to it all my life. It is my duty to wield the sceptre con- 
scientiously, and the sword of honor with firmness. 

" The enviable task belongs to the Empress to conse- 
crate to the country all the noble sentiments of Christian 
virtue, and the mildness of a tender mother. 

" Let us unite to carry out a common object ; let us 



MAXIMILIAN. 109 

forget past sorrows ; let us bury party hatred, and the 
Aurora of Peace and of deserved happiness will ra- 
diantly beam forth again over the new Empire. 

" Maximilian. 
" Vera Cruz, May 28th, 1864." 

Lieutenant-General Almonte being the highest officer 
in the Imperial service, was the proper one to receive 
the new Sovereigns. At five oVlock that morning he 
left Cordova for Vera Cruz, reaching there about five 
o'clock in the afternoon. Everybody was anxiously 
waiting his arrival. The fact was, the arrival of the 
distinguished personages was sooner than was antici- 
pated ; hence the delay in preparations. 

A committee, composed of the city officers, assembled 
at the palace ; and, on the arrival of General Almonte, 
escorted him to the wharf amid the roars of the cannon 
and the huzzas of the people. The General first had a 
private interview with the Emperor. Immediately after, 
the city officers, headed by the Prefect, D. Domingo 
Bureau, were presented by the Minister, Sefior Velaz- 
quez de Leon. 

His Majesty was in the saloon on the upper deck, 
dressed in a black frock-coat, white vest and pants, and 
black cravat. The committee were dressed in the same 
manner. 

Tlie presentation being completed, the Prefect ad- 
dressed Their Majesties as follows : 

" Sire : 

" Truly will the day be ever memorable on which 
Your Imperial Highness reached Mexico, as the desired 
savior to establish the ^Empire, which has been pro- 
claimed under auspices so favorable, since no one having 
a good heart and a religious belief can fail to recognize 
the beniojn hand of Providence in the admirable events 



110. MAXniILIAX. 

wliicli have prepared the regeneration of this beautiful 
and desolated country, opening up an enviable future, 
under the illustrious and benign sceptre of Your Im- 
perial Majesty. 

" The new era which commences for the Mexicans is 
full of hope, founded on the wisdom and noble designs 
which inspire Your Imperial Majesty in raising this na- 
tion (now so low) to the height of a prosperous destiny. 

"Your Imperial Majesty is welcome to your new 
country, with which, in doing it the honor of adopting 
it as your own, you have wished to identify your fate. 

" May God bless the noble purpose which guides Your 
Imperial Majesty in favor of the Mexicans, and crown 
with the most complete success your grand, civilizing, 
and Christian undertaking. 

" As Political Prefect of this District, and in the name 
of the authorities and inhabitants of the same, I have 
the honor and the satisfaction of cons^ratulatino; Your 
Imperial Majesty, and Your Majesty the Empress, for 
your fortunate arrival on the soil of Mexico, and of pre- 
senting you our complete and sincere adhesion, as well 
as our most profound respect." 

His Majesty made the following reply: 

" I view with pleasure the arrival of the day when I 
can walk the soil of my new and beautiful country, and 
salute the people who have chosen me. May God 
grant that the good-will that led me toward you may 
be advantageous to you ; and that all good Mexicans 
uniting to sustain me, there will be better days for the 
future. The important department and city of Vera 
Cruz, which have been so much distinguished for their 
patriotism, ought to be sure of my benevolence. This 
port being the principal entrance to the interior, my so- 
licitude will be devoted to the opening and extending 
of its commerce. 



MAXIMILIAJ^-. Ill 

" Gentlemen, I promise to return to see you in a more 
favorable season, and then to remain with you as lono^ 
as it may be necessary." 

His Majesty then entered the other saloon, and takino- 
the Empress by the arm, walked to the centre of the 
saloon, in presence of the committee ; then the Minister, 
Senor Velazquez de Leon, advanced and presented the 
committee to Her Majesty. The Prefect immediately 
complimented her in the following terms : 

" Madam : 

" Your Majesty will please condescend to receive 
the most sincere congratulation and the most perfect 
homage from the authorities and inhabitants of this 
district. While I have the honor to j^resent the com- 
mittee to Your Majesty on your fortunate arrival, they 
are struck with admiration by the virtues and talents 
your noble character presents. Providence has offered 
Mexico the double benefit of an enlightened Sovereign, 
united in destiny with Your Majesty, an object of affec- 
tion and respect with all good hearts, and Mexico recog- 
nizes in you a worthy spouse of our elected Emperor. 
The Mexicans, Madam, who expect so much from the 
good influence of Your Majesty in favor of all that is 
noble and great, of all that bears relation to the elevated 
sentiments of religion and of country, bless the moment 
in which Your Majesty reached the soil, and proclaim 
in one voice, ' Long live the Empress !' " 

The Empress, very gracefully and briefly, in Sj^anish, 
responded. 

Soon after this ceremony had taken place. Their Ma- 
jesties retired, in company with General Almonte, and 
the committee of city officers returned on shore. 

That day, on board the steamer, the Emperor appointed 



112 MAXIMILIAX. 

General Almonte the Grand Marshal of the Court and 
Mmister of the Imj^erial House. 

He addressed the followmg note to the General : 

"My dear Ge^^eral Almonte: 

"At the moment in which I receive from your 
hands the affairs of the Empire, I hasten to give you, in 
presence of the whole country, which owes you such 
great obligations, a public proof of my acknowledgment. 

" I have decided to appoint you Grand Marshal of the 
Court and Minister of the Imperial House; remitting 
you, with your appointment, the regulations and instruc- 
tions which will guide you in the fulfilment of such dis- 
tinguished functions. 

" Receive, General, the proof of my consideration and 
appreciation. 

*' Maximilian. 

" On board the * Novara,' May 38th, 18G4." 

Their Majesties were quite anxious to remain a few 
days in Vera Cruz, to become better acquainted with 
the inhabitants, and to ascertain their wants. But on 
account of the hot season, a somewhat dangerous one 
for those not acclimated, and by some considerable 
solicitation on the part of their friends, they were per- 
suaded to change their determination, and to hasten on 
to breathe the mountain air. It was therefore decided 
that they would disembark on the following morning, 
at an early hour. The committee of city officials pre- 
sented themselves on board at a very early hour the 
next morning, and at five o'clock Mass was said in pres- 
ence of Their Majesties and the committee. His Majesty 
then observed : " I wish, in the future, that there be no 
distinction made between those who are Indians and 
those who are not. All are Mexicans, and have equal 
right to my solicitude." 



MAXIMILIAX. 113 

The small boats were ordered to be ready, and soon 
Their Majesties and retinue were gliding to the shore. 
On arriving upon the wharf, at the entrance of the city 
gate, the President of the Ayuntamiento, D. Salvador 
Carrau, accompanied by the Council and public officers, 
presented to His IMajesty the key of the city, which was 
neatly wrought, and placed on a silver waiter ; at the 
same time congratulating him on his arrival. 

The Emperor made a very happy reply. 

At the conclusion thereof, Their Majesties and Gen- 
eral Almonte entered an open carriage and rode through 
the principal streets, followed by many other carriages, 
horse and footmen. Triumphal arches were raised at 
various points, richly and gayly decorated; windows 
were wreathed with flags and flowers, and verses in 
honor of the new Sovereigns were visible in every direc- 
tion ; while the loud huzzas almost drowned the music 
of the band. 

A short time only was occupied in viewing the city. 
Their Majesties and suite were soon placed in a car, and 
the remainder of the escort in another. They reached 
Soledad at nine o'clock, where they breakfasted. The 
escort from Vera Cruz, composed of the municipal 
authorities, returned from Loma Alta — there bidding 
Their Majesties farewell. The party did not reach Cor- 
dova until two o'clock the following morning. Not- 
withstanding the lateness of the hour, the city was all 
alive — a blazing mass of illumination. The late arrival 
was caused by the breaking of one of the axletrees of 
the carriage in which Their Majesties rode ; the night 
was dark and rainy ; but the Sovereigns did not seem 
to be troubled by the accident in the least — they were 
so much delighted with the desire exhibited by their 
subjects to do all they could for them under the 
circumstances. Long before they reached Cordova, a 
number of Indians were sent out from that city with 



114 MAXIMILTAX. 

torches, which they carried in front of the carriage, and 
which enabled the driver to clearly see the road. 

As they arrived at the garita, or entrance of the city 
limits, they were met by the President of the Ayunta- 
miento (or Town Council), and other city officers. The 
President then delivered to His Majesty the keys of the 
city of Cordova; at the same time addressing him in 
behalf of the city. 

After their arrival in Cordova, that morning at ten 
o'clock there was a solemn Te Deiun and Mass at the 
church. Soon after, the city authorities assembled at 
the palace, and were presented to Their Majesties. In 
response to the congratulations of those officers, the 
Emperor said : 

" With true pleasure we see you. Gentlemen, near and 
around us, and we accept your good desires. May the 
day in which I find myself for the first time among you 
and in the heart of my new and beautiful country, be 
one of peace and sweet confidence. Being with all my 
heart a Mexican, it is my first and most ardent wish 
that all my compatriots may unite at my side, in order 
to be able, with zeal and perseverance, and upon free 
bases corresponding to our epoch, to work for the good 
of our noble country. In this simultaneous action will 
be found our strength and our future. You, Gentlemen, 
that are the representatives of this district and city, 
must, before all, give your fellow-citizens the example 
of union, of zeal, and of true patriotism," 

His Majesty then addressed the Ay untamiento thus: 

" With sincere pleasure we salute you, Gentlemen. 
The sacred duties which the Mexican nation has imposed 
upon us, and those which we wish to enter upon with 
entire and loyal abnegation, call us forthwith to the 



MAXIMILIAN". 115 

C\apital of the Empire. We cannot then, I regret it, re- 
main a long time in your beautiful and interesting city. 
Kotwithstanding, say to your fellow-citizens, that the 
Empress and I propose, within a short time, to pass sev- 
eral days among you ; and that then it will be for me 
an agreeable task and duty to study the wants and the 
desires of the city and its dependencies." 

In the evening a fine dinner was given to the city au- 
thorities and other persons of note, numbering in all 
forty. Fireworks were blazing on every corner ; while 
music was crladdeninoj the hearts of the lookers-on. 

The next morning, at eight o'clock, Their Majesties 
were again on the road to Orizaba, a distance of six 
leagues. Before reaching that place, they found a con- 
course of people assembled at Barranca de la Villegas, 
which they could not pass unnoticed. The Sovereigns 
and retinue halted awhile ; and after receiving a com- 
plimentary sj^eech, and making a short response, they 
moved on. Having arrived at the Escarniela, or en- 
trance to the city limits of Orizaba, they found a depu- 
tation of city officials, and among them the Prefect, 
who saluted Their Majesties in the name of the city. 
The Emperor, resting one hand on a table, and having 
the Empress at his side, made a very afiectionate 
reply. 

There was a continual stream of people, banners, 
flowers, and music all along the road. 

Subsequently, within the city of Orizaba, in answer to 
an address made by the Municipal Prefect, His Majesty 
said : 

" With particular satisfaction, I and the Empress my 
wife receive your good wishes. The love with which 
our new country greets us, profoundly moves us, and 
we think it a happy sign of an agreeable future. If all 



116 , MAxiariLiAN. 

unite with us with the sole end of promoting the lasting- 
greatness and prosperity of our country, Providence 
then will crown our efforts ; and as the Empire flour- 
ishes, the divers departments and cities will commence 
real progress. Orizaba, in particular, has a double in- 
terest in the completion of the railroad, which I propose 
not to lose sight of, and I believe the day will soon 
arrive when the Empress and I shall return to visit you 
by the new way open to steam." 

He then spoke to the authorities of Orizaba in general, 
saying : 

"In traversing the territory of my new and beau- 
tiful country, I receive with pleasure the demonstra- 
tions from the generous people who have called me 
to govern their destinies. May it please God to hear 
our j^rayers, and to give the Empire the era of peace 
which it so much requires to advance in greatness and 
prosperity. 

" The benefit of really free institutions, an order of 
things regulated and lasting, united to the developed 
material which will offer you the means of easy commu- 
nication, will assure you at last the complete exploration 
of the extraordinary riches with which Providence has 
favored your land above all the rest of the earth. My 
government will fix, particularly, its attention on your 
interest. You, Gentlemen, as their organs, I promise, 
will watch with zeal and patriotism the execution of my 
orders, and will take care of their punctual fulfilment." 

On that day the Emperor wore white pants, a black 
frock coat, and a high-crown white hat, without any 
distinguishing mark of royalty. The Empress wore a 
dress and scarf of coffee-colored silk, and a hat of the 
same color. 



MAXIMILIAN. 117 

Their Majesties were perfectly charmed with the coun- 
try around Cordova and Orizaba. Its natural beauty 
and formation ; its rich and luxuriant foliage ; its val- 
leys ; the grandeur of the surrounding mountains, — all 
presented a magnificent panoramic view. 

The remarkable beauty of the scenery which had been 
presented to them by books, by travellers, by the na- 
tives, began to be realized. They believed that their 
newly adopted country was equal to the sketch of their 
own bright fancies. As they cast their eyes upward 
and beheld the Avhite mantle of winter's snow, while 
beneath and around them the rich plantations of coffee, 
sugar-cane, cotton, oranges, bananas, and all kinds of 
tropical fruit were spreading their beautiful, gently- 
hanging, green foliage, and scenting the balmy air with 
their honeyed breath ; while the various feathered races, 
with their plumage dipped in the rainbow hues, were 
mingling their warbling notes with the soft-tuned guitar 
and the sweet accents of the fair daughters of Moctezu- 
ma ; while they contemplated all this great picture-gal- 
lery of nature, wuth the productive soil beneath, and still 
deeper doAvn a mighty body of mother earth all inter- 
laced with arteries and veins of gold and silver, they 
were indeed enchanted. His Majesty exclaimed, "How 
beautiful our country is !" 

As their Majesties were entering Orizaba, the people 
desired to take the mules from the carriage and draw it 
by hand ; but His Majesty did not wish to accept such 
homage as that. After his positively refusing, they re- 
tired from the carriage with a perfect good-will, giving 
at the same time the wildest shouts of enthusiasm. 

The following day, June 1st, about nine o'clock in the 
morning, the Empress received a committee of ladies 
from the district of Augustina, who, after congratulating 
her upon her arrival, presented her with a ring, which 
she placed upon her finger, saying that she would ever 



118 MAXIMILIAN. 

preserve it as a sweet recollection of her trip through 
Orizaba. 

An hour later, Their Majesties attended Mass at the 
church. At the conclusion of the service they visited 
the schools and hospitals. The Emperor examined mi- 
nutely the apartments occupied by the men ; while the 
Empress gave a thorough look at the rooms and inmates 
in the female apartment. His Majesty then visited the 
prisons, asking each one therein how he was treated, 
and for what he was there. 

Later in the day, at the palace, the curate of ISTaranjal 
(an Indian town) was presented to Their Majesties, to- 
gether with the Alcalde and Rejidor of the town ; also, 
two young Indian girls. The Alcalde made a speech to 
the Emperor in the Aztec language, which was as fol- 
lows : 

" No mahuistililoni tlactocatzine, nican tiquimopielia 
mo icno masehual conetzihua, ca san ye ohualacque o 
mitzmotlacpalhuiliztinoto, ihuan ica tiquimomachtis ca 
huel senca techyolpaqui mo hualialitzin impampa itech 
tiqueta aco se cosamalotl quixikintihuitz inon mexicolis 
mixtl nesi ye omochautiheaipan to thactocazotl. In sen- 
hulitini mitztitlania, ma ye huatzin mitzmochicahuili ica 
titechmaquixtis. Nis tiquinopielia inin maxochtzintl, 
quen se machiotl in tetlasotla litzin, mitzmo maquilia 
mo xocotitlan coneztzitzihua." 

This speech was translated into Spanish, and in Eng- 
lish reads thus : 

" Our honorable Emperor, here you have these poor 
Indians, your children, who have come to salute you ; 
and by that you know that your coming much pleases 
their hearts ; because in it they see, as it were, a rainbow 
whicli dispels the clouds of discord that appear to have 



MAXIMILIAJS-. 119 

gathered in our kingdom. The Almighty sent you ; it 
is He that gives you power to save us. Here is this 
flower; see in it the sign of our love. Your sons of 
Naranjal give it to you." 

The flowers were woven with palm-leaves in the shape 
of a fan. They were peculiar to this country, called 
siemprevivas (ever-living). The colors were red and 
white, which, added to the green palm, constituted the 
colors of the Mexican flag. 

The Emperor, in reply, addressed the Indians in the 
following words (which were spoken by him in Spanish, 
and interpreted to them) : 

" It is very pleasant to me, my dear children, to re- 
ceive you as a commission from your town, because it is 
a proof of the confidence which you ought to place in 
me, in order to enjoy the peace and well-being which 
you have so long needed. 

" You may count on the anxious care which I shall 
take to protect your interest, to fiivor your works and 
agricultural productions, and to improve in every man- 
ner your situation ; and so you can tell it to the people 
of Naranjal." 

The two Indian girls then presented the Empress with 
a little basket, a handkerchief, and a turtle-dove. Her 
Majesty thanked them very kindly, with a sweet smile 
on her face. This seemed to please the Indians highly. 
She then sent for a cage to put the dove in. 

After visiting again the schools, examining the schol- 
ars in their difl*erent studies, and giving each a piece of 
gold money. Their Majesties returned to the palace to 
dine. A rich banquet was spread, at which the oflicers 
and some other prominent persons assisted. At eight 
and a half o'clock they retired from the table, to prepare 



120 MAXIMILIAN. 

for the ball, which took place at the residence of the 
French Consul, SeSor Bernard. The house was most 
elegantly decorated for the occasion. The road to the 
house was lighted by torches, held by French soldiers. 
Their Majesties entered at ten o'clock, and were received 
by the municipal authorities and a committee of ladies 
and gentlemen at the entrance. 

The first quadrille was formed as follows ; The Em- 
peror, with the lady of Gen. Almonte ; the Empress, with 
Gen. Almonte ; Seiior Arrozo, with Madam Bernard ; 
General Woll, with Madam Herrera ; Gen. de Maussion, 
with Madam Adalid ; Seiior Suary Peredo, with Miss 
Swane. 

The next quadrille His Majesty danced with Madam 
Herrera, and the Empress with General Maussion. Their 
Majesties retired at twelve o'clock, without partaking of 
the supper, remarking that it was not their custom to 
eat late at night. The ball went on till six in the morn- 
ing. 

The next morning at ten o'clock the Empress, plainly 
dressed, accompanied by two or three persons of her 
household, entered an ordinary carriage drawn by two 
mules, having a driver and lackey, and proceeded to 
visit the Carmelite Convent of JSTuns. A collation had 
been prepared for Her Majesty, which was kindly ac- 
cepted and eaten by her on a table before which, on 
two benches, the Nuns seated themselves. The Superior 
of the Convent requested the Nuns to take off their 
veils in honor of Her Majesty, and to remain uncovered 
until the eating was finished. 

In the mean time the Emperor was occupied reading 
the newspapers, and receiving those who desired to meet 
him. Their Majesties contemplated a horseback ride 
at eleven o'clock, but on account of the weather they 
postponed it until four o'clock in the afternoon. As it 
rained at that hour of the afternoon slightly, they took 



MAXIMILIAN. 121 

a carriage and rode beyond the suburbs, as far as the 
cotton-factory called Cocolapam, about a mile distant ; 
thence to the paper-mill ; and thence to the Valley of 
Borrego. It soon ceased raining, then became clear, 
and the new rulers lingered awhile to contemplate the 
exquisite, the grand, the majestic beauty of the wild 
mountain-scenery. It would be difficult for the pen to 
over-color the appearance of nature around Orizaba. 
That section, and the Cordova Valley, are the gardens 
of Mexico. 

That evening Their Majesties and the Grand Marshal 
ate together, exclusive of others. The people of Ori- 
zaba were very much surprised at the simplicity of their 
new Sovereigns. Their idea of royal personages was 
connected more with great dignity and pomp. And 
when they observed Their Majesties giving such atten- 
tion to the poorest and most humble, it was beyond their 
expectation. 

A small group of Republicans stood near where the 
Emperor was about to pass : of them it had been said 
that they did not intend to notice him when he neared 
them. His Majesty passed them, raising his hat very 
politely ; and the group, by impulse as it were, immedi- 
ately raised their hats. The gentleness of his manner 
overcame them, and they concluded that he was quite 
as democratic as they. 

The Empress gave three hundred dollars to the Muni- 
cipal Prefect for the benefit of the poor, and the sick of 
the hospitals. 

At about eight o'clock the following morning Their 
Majesties were moving toward Puebla, escorted by 
mounted men, carriages, footmen, numbering thousands, 
amid the booming of artillery and the shooting of 
rockets. The air was freighted with music and per- 
fumed by every kind of flower, like the ambrosial breeze 
of India ; exquisitely-wreathed arches o'erhung the road, 

6 



122 MAXIMILIAN-. 

while silvered apparel on horse and man glittered in the 
sun with diamond brightness ; and fair gardens, orna- 
mented with their golden fruit, burnished by the broad 
sunshine of the blushing moon, extended far and near. 
All, all this, drank in by the vision, with a mingled view 
of the wintry grandeur of Orizaba Peak, was enough 
for Fancy to call it the grand entrance to the golden 
bowers of Eden. 

Their Majesties and retinue reached Acultzingo at 
half-past eleven, where they, for the first time, ate a 
Mexican breakfast of tortillas, chili (red peppers), and 
drank pulque, the fermented juice of the maguey plant. 
At this place they rested awhile, also taking another 
view of the country from a high hill. They could not 
refrain from seeking every prominent position to look at 
the scenery. They were enchanted. The road to Puebla 
was one continued bower of flowers, flags, banners, and 
poetical verses — it was a chain of ovations. 

The Sovereigns entered the city of Puebla at ten 
o'clock on the morning of June 5th, surrounded by 
great splendor. Near the triumphal arch in the street 
of Alguacil, the ceremony of delivering the keys of the 
city to his Majesty by the Municipal Prefect took place, 
on which occasion the Emperor said : 

" I accept. Gentlemen, with joy the keys of this city, 
because I see in this act that you place confidence in me, 
and understand my loyal intention ; but being sure of 
your fidelity, I return them to you, asking only to pos- 
sess your hearts." 

After this the grand procession moved on into the 
city, and halted before the cathedral. Their Majesties 
stepped out of the carriage, and were received under a 
pall by the venerable Prelate and two Bishops ; thence 



MAXIMILIAN. 123 

tliey passed into the temple, which was superbly adorned. 
A beautiful hymn was chanted, followed by other solem- 
nities. At the conclusion, Their Majesties entered the 
Bishop's beautifully-decorated palace ; there the Politi- 
cal and Municipal Prefects each addressed them. 

Ilis Majesty responded first to the authorities of Pue- 
bla, thus : 

" It is very flattering to us to see ourselves surrounded 
by the authorities of a department so important, and of 
a large and interesting city ; and with pleasure we receive 
your salutations. The noble Mexican people have placed 
in us their confidence. We shall consider it our duty to 
act accordingly, and to concentrate our efforts to procure 
for the nation the fulfilment of its just aspirations. 

" Through the means of institutions really free, of 
exact justice, protection to persons and property, the 
Chief and his organs will be able to carry the country 
through the path of progress which leads to prosperity 
and true greatness. 

" It belongs to Puebla, which is one of the largest 
central cities of the Empire, to shine forth as an ex- 
ample." 

Then to the Ayuntamiento of Puebla he said : 

" With a sentiment of pleasure mingled with grief, I 
see your city ; — with pleasure, I salute one of the largest, 
most beautiful, and important cities of the Empire ; with 
pain, I contemplate the unfortunate inhabitants agitated 
by the evils of political disruptions. The government 
to whose election you have contributed, will impose upon 
itself the task of healing your wounds as soon as possi- 
ble, and of facilitating, through means of institutions 
which are in accordance with the age, the development 



124 MAXIMILIAN. 

of prosperity, so that the resources of this rich country- 
may be cultivated in the highest degree. I hope the 
day is not far distant when the iron road will unife your 
valley with the ocean, and bring you such an abundant 
compensation that you Avill forget your past troubles. 
Then will this noble city be regenerated with new vigor 
and beauty." 

On the 7th of June, the anniversary of the Empress's 
birthday, solemn Mass was said in the cathedral. Praises 
to the Almighty were sung by the Bishop, assisted by 
the choir and the whole audience. At seven o'clock in 
the evening a grand banquet was given at the palace, 
attended by about sixty persons. 

At ten o'clock Their Majesties repaired to the Alhon- 
diga, market building, where a grand ball was given in 
honor of Her Majesty's birthday. From the street to 
the foot of the stairway a carpet of llowers was strewn 
for Their Majesties to walk upon. In the angles of the 
court stood colossal pyramids, covered from their base 
up with crystal vases of variegated colors, which pre- 
sented a group of rainbow hues, reflected from the bril- 
liant evening lights. 

Their Majesties entered, taking possession of the throne 
erected for the occasion. Presently a quadrille was 
called. His Majesty, accompanied by Seiiora Da Gua- 
dalupe Oslo de Pardo, took his position ; the Empress, 
with the Political Prefect, Senor D. Fernando Pardo, 
stood opposite : General Brincourt accompanied Seiiora 
Navarrete de Marion ; and opposite them stood General 
D. Maussion, with Seiiora Da Dolores Quesada de Al- 
monte : at the right of the Emperor was General Woll 
and Senora Da Emilia Cota de Tapia, and the Municipal 
Prefect, D. Juan E. de Uriarte, with Senora Da Guada- 
lupe Pardo de Pardo ; on the left, the Minister of State, 
D. J. M. de Arroyo, with Seiiora Da Guadalupe Al- 



MAXIMILIAN. 125 

montc ; and Colonel Jeanningras, with Senora Da Car- 
men MaiTon de Gonzales. 

The Empress wore a plam but elegant white silk dress. 
On her head was a crown of diamonds and emeralds, 
with a red and a white rose — the Mexican colors. A 
superb necklace of diamonds brilliantly sparkled, and 
rich bracelets of precious stones dazzled in the evening 
light. 

The Emperor with the Empress left the room at half 
past twelve. The next noonday they were again in the 
carriage, advancing toward Cholula, for the great Cap- 
ital. Stopping occasionally to gratify the curiosity of 
their subjects, who showed unparalleled good-will, they 
reached Guadalupe on the eleventh of June, making 
their entry at two o'clock in the afternoon. They were 
with great solemnity received by the Archbishops of 
Me):ico and Michoacan, under a pall, near the railroad 
station : they were also there met by the civil authori- 
ties of the town. They soon entered the renowned 
church of Guadalupe, and there occupied the throne in 
the presbytery. The illustrious Sefior Labastida, ac- 
companied by the other prelates present, intoned the 
Domine Salvimi fac Imperatorum. After this solemn 
act. Their Majesties passed into the sacristy ; thence into 
the chapter. 

The authorities of the town being gathered into one 
of the halls, it was announced that Their Majesties 
would soon advance to the capital of the nation, one 
league distant from Guadalupe. Loud cheers rent the 
very air, and when silence prevailed, the Political Pre- 
fect of Mexico, Seiior Villar y Bocanegra, remarked ■ 

" At the foot of the prodigious hill of Tepeyac, and 
being separated only by a wall from the temple in 
which is venerated the protector and mother of the 
Mexicans, the Virgin Guadalupe-— the Political Pre- 



120 MAxiMiLi a:s:. 

feet of the first department of the Empire, the Muni- 
cipal Prefect of the great Capital of Mexico, its Excel- 
lency the Ayuntamiento, the Illustrious Seiior Arch- 
bishop, and other authorities, present themselves full 
of grateful pleasure, with their souls overflowing with 
joy, before their beloved Sovereigns, to, congratulate 
them on their pleasant arrival at the gate of the city in 
which is erected the throne which has been raised by 
the Mexicans for them. Words fail me to manifest our 
gratitude; because you have, in compassion for our 
misfortunes, abandoned another throne, riches, country, 
parents, brothers, and friends, and condescended to come 
and try to make us happy and save us from the evils 
that were causing us to disappear from the catalogue of 
nations. Your Majesties only knew through statements 
and papers the will of the people who applauded you ; 
and now, to-day, you see that you are not deceived ; and 
that from the shores of Vera Cruz to the gate of the 
Capital, all applaud their Sovereigns with an unbounded 
enthusiasm. The Mexicans will so continue until the 
end ; and I j)rotest. Sire, in the name of the department 
within my charge, that all of us will obey and assist the 
Monarchs, whom by acclamation we have chosen." 

Tremendous shouts followed this address. After 
which. His Majesty, with a great deal of emotion, an- 
swered in the following words : 

"Profoundly moved, I say, by the universal enthu- 
siasm which I have received in all the towns in my 
transit, my emotion and my gratitude acquire greater 
intensity as I find myself at the gate of the Capital, as 
I see gathered to salute me its principal authorities, in a 
place so much respected and loved by me and the Em- 
press, and by all Mexicans. 

" I happily receive your congratulations, and I salute 



MAXIMILIAN. 127 

5^0 II with the effusion of one who loves you, and lias 
identified his fate with youi*s." 

As the grand procession moved stately on to the 
place called the Plain of Aragon, they halted in a dou- 
ble line. Their Majesties passing through to a place 
designated, w^ere met by two deputations, one of ladies, 
the other of gentlemen ; both of whom saluted the 
Sovereigns, and presented, in behalf of the inhabitants 
of the Capital of the Empire, congratulations ; those to 
Maximilian were as follows, viz : 

" Sire : 

" The undersigned, natives and foreigners, residents 
of the Capital of Mexico, all agreeing in their aspirations 
for peace and public order, without distinction of political 
opinions, and with the most profound respect, hasten to 
salute Your Imperial Majesty, voluntarily and sincerely, 
and also your august spouse, on your arrival at the Capi- 
tal of the new-born Empire of Mexico. 

" We well understand the magnitude of the arduous 
and glorious undertaking Avhich is imposed on Your 
Imperial Majesty. We estimate the abnegation at its 
full value, also the faith and spirit which animate the 
illustrious founder of the Empire; and we foresee the 
good, for which the future of this unfortunate nation 
will be your debtor. 

" We comply, therefore, with a sacred duty in offer- 
ing before Your Imperial Majesty the effusion of our 
thanks, the testimony of our admiration, and the most 
solemn protest to co-operate with all our strength for 
the realization of the noble and generous mission which, 
by a decree of high Providence, has been committed to 
Your Imperial Majesty — that of redeeming and regener- 
ating a people destroyed by civil discord, 

" May it please Your Imperial Majesty to accept 



128 MAXianLiAN. 

favorably our wishes for the happiness of your person, 
and that of your august consort, and for the prosperity 
of your kingdom." 

The deputation of ladies offered, in behalf of the 
ladies of the Caj^ital, to Her Majesty the Empress, the 
following affectionate address : 

" Madam : 

"The presence of Your Imperial Majesty in this 
part of the New World, as a companion of the mag- 
nanimous Prince destined by Heaven to govern it, has 
just realized the many honors which are reunited on the 
throne which is raised to-day upon the love of this peo- 
ple. Our happiness is complete, in representing before 
Your Imperial Majesty the families of the Empire, and 
of being the organ of these sentiments of affectionate ad- 
hesion and of purified fidelity with which Your Majesty 
is surrounded, in the midst of an applause and of a re- 
joicing which have no limits, and Avhich would be the 
best title (if there could be any superior to your noble 
virtues) to the crown which encircles your brow, and 
which prepares for Mexico a worthy name from the 
glorious race which brought, with Christianity, to these 
distant regions, culture and civilization. 

"Policy, Madam, will speak under a thousand differ- 
ent forms of the prosperous exchange which it realizes, 
and which excites such a lively and deep interest in 
Europe and America. It only belongs to us to contem- 
plate your eminent qualities, with which divine Provi- 
dence has endowed you, without doubt, with the design 
that there may shine in them all that is elevated in the 
majesty of the throne, all that is tender in the heart of 
princes, and all that is exemplary and modest in the 
bosom of private life. With Your Majesty and your 
august husband, who are the objects of public admira- 



MAXIMILIAN. 123 

tion, and the delight of this vast Empire, commences 
the dynasty which takes the name of your new country. 
It will be able to figure by the side of the country of 
Charles Y. and Mary Theresa ; by that of Louis Philippe 
and Xapoleon III., and by that of the respected and be- 
loved Sovereign the father of Your Imperial Majesty. 

" We, Madam, shall never cease blessing you for the 
services you render Religion, the fountain of the great- 
ness of Mexico, and of that generous character which is 
ennobled to-day by a model and by an example which 
cannot be less than admired. Your Imperial Majesty 
being a worthy heir of two great queens, your grand- 
mother and your mother, religion can suifer nothing 
before your throne. And when Heaven, with a singular 
clemency, sent us a pledge of peace and union which 
may cause us to forget what has divided Mexicans, we 
cannot deceive ourselves by assuring Your Majesty that 
those wishes and that hope are going to be realized. 

" Permit us, then. Your Majesty, to present you the 
profound homage of our respect and of our obedience, 
and the warm gratitude with which the families of the 
Capital are possessed, and who bless your name, and who 
will never cease asking Divine Providence for the happi- 
ness of the kingdom, and of your august husband, to 
whom He so visibly dispenses His bountiful protection. 
Your genius and your piety will assure your new coun- 
try a worthy name in the world, and a prolonged peace." 

The quarters reserved for Their Majesties were the 
Collegiate church. The Archbishop escorted them into 
it, and said to the Emperor, " This is the house provided 
for Your Majesty." He replied, " It is magnificent." 

The Sovereigns remained over-night ; and on that 
day and the following they received many people in 
their apartments. 

The next day, Sunday, the 12th of June, after Mass 

6* 



130 MAXIMILIAN. 

was said, Their Majesties entered the cars for the Capi- 
tal. Arriving at the station in the city, they were sur- 
rounded by an immense throng, waiting to escort them 
to the cathedral and palace. Banners, flags, and flaunt- 
ing streamers of all kinds were to be seen on every 
side. Triumphal arches festooned with orange-blossoms 
scented the balmy air ; ribbons and roses, all tinselled, 
twisted, and curled, covered the earth, and were woven 
in wreaths at every window ; portraits of the Sovereigns 
were smiling at you in every street ; ladies were gayly 
attired, as for their wedding-day; polished carriages 
mirrored the passing objects; mounted men with their 
silver-corded broad-brimmed hats, were prancing their 
gallant steeds all mantled with saddles, bridles, and 
housings woven with silver and gold ; uniformed sol- 
diers all laced for review, with glittering lances and gold- 
burnished armory ;— all, all, glittered like a bed of dia- 
monds. And while all these were gleaming in the eye, 
artillerymen and musicians were tingling the ear with 
their variations, from the mellow breath of the flute and 
horn to the thunder-notes of the deep-toned cannon, 
mingled with shouts, the neigh of horses, and the chim- 
ing of bells ; until it appeared as though the world was 
turned into a gorgeous show, where audience and actors 
were promiscuously mingled. 

When Their Majesties, with their grand cortege, ar- 
rived at the stopping-place called Parador de la Con- 
cepcion^ they halted, and received from the hands of the 
Municipal Prefect, D. Miguel Maria Azcarate, the keys 
of the city ; at the delivery of which, the Prefect, in a 
short address, welcomed the new rulers in a most cor- 
dial manner. The Emperor, with a good deal of feel- 
ing, responded, as though he believed that the reverence 
paid him came from the depths of the Mexican heart. 

The keys that were delivered to His Majesty were of 
gold, beautifully enamelled in places, and richly wrought 



MAXIMILIAN". 131 

by a Mexican artist. One had on its head an eagle ; the 
other possessed the imperial diadem ; and both were 
placed on a silver waitei- of exquisite filigree-work. 

The Sovereigns then entered their carriage again, and 
proceeded through the city, folloAved by the splendid 
procession, until they reached the ancient, the costly, 
and far-famed cathedral of the city of Mexico, adorned 
with massive silver and o;old. Haltino; in front of that 
venerated temple, the imperial pair stepped down from 
their vehicle, and were received by the Archbishop, un- 
der a pall, a richly emblazoned canopy of metallic lustre, 
and entered the holy sanctuary. The main door of that 
immense, massive structure was decorated with an arch 
woven with red, white, and yellow flowers, surmounted 
with the imperial crown of the same material, made by 
the Indians of Xochimilco, and in which was interlaced 
this inscription, " Xochimilco to His Imperial Majesty 
Maximilian I." The arch was surmounted with a cir- 
cular inscription, traced with flowers, as follows: " 11th 
of June, 1864." At each door of the cathedral was an 
oil portrait of the Emperor. The interior was illumi- 
nated and decorated gorgeously. Velvet tapestry of 
bright cochineal hue, elegantly fringed with balls of 
gold pendent therefrom ; streamers hanging from the 
arched dome, with trophies of national ensigns mingled 
therewith ; Mexican, French, Austrian, and Belgian ban- 
ners representing the friendly powers : and with all this 
magnificence, the mantle of solemnity was worn by all, 
in reverence for the place and occasion. 

Their Majesties occupied the throne prepared for them. 
His Majesty was dressed in the uniform of a Mexican 
General, bearing upon his breast the insignia of Grand 
Master of the Order of Guadalupe. The Empress wore 
a blue-and- white silk dress, a blue scarf, and a hat adorn 
ed only with beautiful flowers, as fresh as her own fair 
cheek. 



i?,2 MAXIMILIAS". 

As the impeiial pair took their position, the grand Te 
Deum commenced, intoned by the Most Reverend Senor 
Labastida, accompanied by the accomplished orchestra. 

At the end of this solemn ceremony, Their Majesties, 
escorted by the Archbishop, Bishops, and clergy, pro- 
ceeded on foot to the palace, over carpeted ground, be- 
neath an elegant canopy, a distance of about six hundred 
feet. Having arrived in the palace, preparations were 
soon made to receive the officers of State and other dis- 
tinguished persons. 

The master of ceremonies, according to the rules of 
etiquette, called the authorities of the government in 
order, and presented them to Their Majesties. The first 
called were the acting Secretaries of State and General 
Bazaine. Soon after this, the Sovereigns rested awhile, 
and were ready to view the artificial lights at night, 
which are in Mexico, at times, presented in a superb 
style. 

That night was illuminated beyond comparison ; so 
that it seemed as if day had broken forth by mistake, from 
the disarrangement of the " orbed continent." Every- 
thing dazzled in the dancing lights, from house-tops 
down. Jets of fire whizzed here and there, like meteors 
in the heavens ; stars were bursting in the sky, imitating 
the vault of the universe ; wheels of rainbow-fire whirled 
on their axes as though turned by the wild lightning 
spirits that darted athwart the heavens with comet speed ; 
and one might well have fancied that the great Pyro- 
technist was that ancient war-god, Mexitli, who had 
been aroused from his five centuries of slumber by the 
announcement of that tumultuous demonstration of 
splendor, and, swelling forth a blast from his trump of 
battle, led on his mighty host in barbaric pomp, and 
flamed the heavens with his fiery elements of war. 

With all that dazzling blaze ended the gay pomp of 
that gorgeously arrayed procession, that turned its back 



MAXI^OLIAK. 133 

upon the sea, traced the heated sands, and, through 
richly enamelled vegetation, wound up the rugged steeps 
of picturesque grandeur. What a change ! what a va- 
riety they passed through, as they left the murmurs of 
the loud-voiced ocean to view the glassy lakes around 
that fair city, where centuries ago the ancestors of Max- 
imilian laid claim to its lands and waters, when the name 
of Moctezuma Avas synonymous with the god of earth. 

If it be thought that this description is painted in too 
glowing colors, and considered but a sketch of fancy, 
let those speak who saw the glittering reality, and who 
will clearly testify that this is no web of fiction. 

It would be no easy task to delineate in true shades 
the splendor and m.agniticence of the festivities in honor 
of that great event, the re-establishment of the Mexican 
Empire. 

The smiling fiices of the Mexican people at that time, 
among high and low, were the dial-plates of their hearts. 
Thus thought observing foreign residents. 

It seems to me that it cannot well be denied that such 
an exhibition of magnificence may truly be considered 
as some evidence of the real afiections of the j^eople. 
That it could all be a disguise is not probable. Those 
who were close observers of all that show of pomp and 
merriment, are of opinion that it was a mirror which re- 
flected the true sentiments of the citizens of Mexico. 



CHAPTER IX. 

National palace— Maximilian's course in Mexico — Personal character— Reve- 
euue as Emperor— Manner of living — Decrees — Palace of Chapultepec — 
Residence at Cuernavaca — Scenery on the road. 

THE residence of the Emperor in the city of Mexico 
was the National Palace. 

On the north side of the great square, or Plaza Mayor, 
stands the far-famed temple, the Cathedral. It has an 
exquisitely-wrought and costly fa9ade, but its exterior 
is so dimmed by time that it carries your mind far back 
into the past. It reckons its age by centuries. As you 
turn your eyes from it, toward the rising east, you ob- 
serve a long, very long and massive pile of stone and 
mortar, that stretches across the entire eastern side of 
that square, a distance of two hundred and forty-six 
varas, or Spanish yards. That is the National Palace. 
It has no architectural beauty, no polish of surface, but 
you are struck at the sight of its length with a little 
surprise, and you look again to see if you are not mis- 
taken as to its being one building ; then immensity is 
the word that your thoughts suggest. 

The same ground supported the lordly palace of 
Moctezuma. This ancient city, called by the Aztecs 
Tenuchtitlan, was taken by the conquering soldiers of 
Cortez, August 13th, 1521, and then nearly destroyed. 
The Spaniards began its reconstruction in 1524. Then 
was laid a part of its present foundation. If the records 
be not incorrect, that palace belonged to the family of 
Cortez until 1562, when it was pm-chased by the king 
of Spain for the viceroy, for the sum of thirty-three 
thousand three hundred dollars. The royal officers took 



possession August 19th of tlie same year. The capacity 
of the building was, after many years' service, found in- 
adequate for the purposes of governmental aftairs, and, 
in 1693, it was rebuilt, at an expense of nearly a million 
of dollars. 

Tradition has handed down a decree, written in the 
Book of Fate, which reads that no man can occupy that 
palace as a ruler over Mexico without coming to an un- 
natural death, or meeting with some sad misfortune, — 
that such a Sovereign should stoop from his pride of 
place, and answer to the call of the executioner, or mis- 
fortune's beck ! As 'we look over the long list of chiefs, 
we see with what unerring judgment Fate has followed 
them. Arista among the dead, Juarez among the living, 
are the exceptions. 

The palace covers a block of ground, and is square. 
The two front corners have each a tower. The Hoors 
are made of brick, with the exception of a few, which 
are wooden. It has three stories. There appears to be 
three general divisions. The southern part was occupied 
by the Emperor and Empress ; the centre by officers of 
State ; and the northern by soldiers and prisoners. 
The eastern half also w^as occupied by soldiers. There 
are three entrances into the fa9ade. The centre one 
leads you into a court which is about one hundred and 
fifty feet square, surrounded by two corridors, one above 
the other, both of which are supported by ten arched 
stone columns on each side. 

On the north side of this court is the apartment now 
occupied by the President, and formerly, under the Em- 
pire, by the Princess Iturbide. The southern entrance 
opens into a court about seventy-five feet by sixty, also 
surrounded by corridors. The northern door conducts 
into another court, without any corridor. There are 
several other courts in the eastern half, for the purposes 
of light, air, and convenience of communication. 



13G MAXIMILIAJf. 

The lower stoiy was occupied by servants, and as 
store and carriage houses. The second story, with lower 
ceiling, was for offices. 

The great reception-room, sometimes called the Itur- 
bide Saloon, is in the front of the third story of the 
southern half of the palace, being about two hundred 
and fifty by thirty-six feet in dimensions. This is not 
a remarkably fine or costly room. The ceiling exhibits 
the cross-timbers, polished and varnished, with gilt 
edges. It has about a dozen candelabras pendent, 
and several supported by stands of large Chinese vases. 
The floor is of dark wood, neatly laid. This saloon 
contains many fine oil portraits — among w^hich are 
those of General Washington, Emperor Iturbide, Presi- 
dent Arista, Generals Guerro, Matamoras, and Mina; 
Curates Hidalgo and Morelas. That of the Emperor 
Maximilian has been taken down, leaving the frame 
in its position. They are all life-size, and in large gilt 
frames. 

Adjoining, and' running parallel on the east, is the 
Lion Saloon, so called because two marble lions lie as 
sentinels therein, which room is about sixty by twenty 
feet. It is adorned with portraits of Ferdinand and 
Isabella, in one frame ; also those of Charles V. and his 
mother, likewise within one frame. These are ancient 
paintings. Passing out of the south end of the recep- 
tion-room into a small room, then turn facing the east, 
you enter the audience-room, wdiich is at a right angle 
with the reception-room, and is nearly forty by twenty 
feet in extent, having an oaken floor, neatly made like 
inlaid w^ork. The walls are covered with crimson silk 
damask, in wdiich there are woven at regular intervals 
the ISIexican coat of arms, also the words, " Eqiddad en 
Justice (Equity in Justice). An adjacent room, with 
like walls, and cedar floor, one hundred by twenty feet, 
is the picture-gallery, now unadorned by paintings. 



MAXIMILIAN. 137 

Tlie cliapel is the room formerly used by the Senate, 
under the old Constitution, prior to 1857, when the legis- 
lative body had a Senate. It is seventy-five feet by 
twenty-five, with plastered walls, covered with silk for 
a space of twenty feet in length by fifteen in height on 
each side near the altar. The ceiling has a blue ground, 
spangled with stars. On each side of the aisle there is 
a row of nine pews, each capable of holding six persons. 
On the left, near the altar, were two seats for Their Ma- 
jesties. The room is lighted by six semicircular win- 
dows near the ceiling. The altar was quite plain, 
having a cross with the Saviour, gilded, and six large 
candlesticks. There is also a gallery over the entrance. 

Attached to the palace, and within the outer walls of 
the exterior, is a small garden, with not a large variety 
of flowers ; but among them is one borne by a tree some 
twenty-feet high, which flower is in the shape of a bird's 
claw, flesh-color, called manito (small-hand), and blos- 
soms in February. This is a rare tree, and it has been 
said to be the only one in Mexico. A fountain throws 
up its jets of water, that sparkle in the sun, and reflect 
prismatic hues. A small theatre was built therein for 
imperial recreation. Such is a partially delineated pic- 
ture of that mansion where monarchs and presidents 
have held their courtly revels, nearly all of whom now 
dwell in mansions not coveted by man. Maximilian 
once observed that he always felt in that palace like a 
solitary nun in a convent. 

As Maximilian became seated on his throne, and sur- 
veyed his new country, its people, their habits and cus- 
toms, the condition of the exchequer, the friendly and 
inimical surrounding powers, it was quite apparent that 
there was a great scope for the exercise of administra- 
tive talent, as well as military. 

It is true it was hoped that the contending struggle 
.of the bordering Republic would so long continue that 



ITS MAXIMILIAN, 

sufficient attention could not be given from that source 
to the new Empire, to endanger its permanency. And 
thus with the French elements — their bone and sinew, 
their munitions of war, for a few years, would give His 
Majesty time to have built a living wall out of the na- 
tive material, that would be able to resist the disturbing 
factions within, which were mainly to be feared rather 
than any exterior attack. There was a contest against 
a great political principle, which is more hazardous than 
a mere struggle against man — Imperialism against Re- 
publicanism. 

The great and continued enthusiasm which had been 
heaped upon him and the Empress, from the very mo- 
ment they touched the shores of the Empire till they 
reached its capital, had brought the conviction to his 
mind that he was looked upon as their benefactor, and 
that the number of dissidents was far below the majority 
of the people. And yet he was not unmindful that, in 
an empire of such vast territorial extent, and in many 
parts so sparsely settled, diversified by mountain bar- 
riers, ready access to many important places, with ade- 
quate forces either defensive or offensive, was quite diffi- 
cult. He saw the necessity, as it was plainly obvious, 
of having sufficient forces to keep down the spirit of 
civil discord fomented by the few malcontents. He was 
not ignorant of the fact that Mexico had always had at 
least two parties antagonistical to each other ; and as it 
had thus been under a Republican form of government, 
the continuation of a disaffected party was in some 
degree to be expected ; while, at the same time, it 
was by no means even prima-facie evidence that the 
latter was composed of anything near a majority of the 
citizens. 

The Juarez party had fallen back from the heart of 
the country, until those that composed it found them- 
selves away to the north, few in number, and without 



MAXIMILIAN. 13^ 

funds, wliile but a small part of the national territory 
acknowledged its sway. 

The actual jurisdiction and possession of the Imperial 
forces had extended, like the rippling waves of the still 
waters from the drop of a pebble, until it embraced 
nearly all of the Mexican territory. 

Whatever views the world, generally, may entertain 
as to the justness and correctness of the Emperor's con- 
clusion in regard to the loyalty of the Mexicans, he was 
not alone in his judgment upon that point. There were 
but few foreign residents, if any, who had endeavored 
to observe affairs impartially, that did not coincide in 
that conclusion. 

His Majesty began, immediately after his arrival, to 
busy himself in earnest with governmental operations. 
Many offices that were absolutely requisite for the just 
administration of affairs had been created and filled be- 
fore his departure from Europe. 

As he arrived on Sunday, the twelfth of June, at the 
Capital, one day was deemed necessary for rest and per- 
sonal convenience. On the fourteenth he commenced 
business. Attention was forthw^ith given to the public 
debt, the repletion of the exchequer, the establishment 
of the national flag, the commissioning of the requisite 
officers, the appointing of ministers as representatives 
abroad, and of consuls, and the formation of courts of 
justice ; all of which was illustrative of energy and 
ability. 

It was a great principle with him, that all should be 
equal before the law ; also, that whoever had cause of 
complaint should have a proper hearing, and before him 
in person, if they desired. In order that an opportunity 
should be given to address him personally, he decreed, 
in the latter part of June, 1864, that he would give a 
public audience at the Xational Palace at one o'clock on 
every Sunday, commencing on the first Sunday in the 



1^0 MAXIMILIAN. 

following Jnly. Forty-eight hours' notice was required ; 
also the registry of the name of the api^licants in chro- 
nological order, not according to rank. Neither color nor 
poverty was a barrier to an interview with the Emperor, 
when any complaint was to be made or favor to be so- 
licited. 

On the 6th day of July, 1864, he issued a general am- 
nesty to all political prisoners, w^hich included those who 
had been sentenced. 

The existing laws were speedily examined, in order 
that a just know^ledge of the legislative wants of the 
people should be obtained. As rapidly as possible de- 
crees were issued for the purpose of advancing immigra- 
tion, education, commerce, mining and agricultural pur- 
suits. Every stimulus was given to the business of de- 
veloping the country, and increasing the modes of trav- 
elling and transportation, that could be, under the exist- 
ing condition of aifairs. Telegraphic and railroad en- 
terprises were encouraged as much as possible. 

The officials of the government were stimulated to 
the performance of their respective functions by medals 
of the different orders of merit, as His Majesty deemed 
them worthy. 

The deportment of His Majesty toward all the offi- 
cers in the various departments of government, from the 
highest to the lowest, was most affable and kind. He 
never exhibited the slightest haughtiness. Every act 
of the Emperor was as void of aristocratical rigor as 
the proceedings of any former sovereign who bore the 
name of " President." It was difficult for the greater 
mass of the Mexicans to distinguish any very remarkable 
difference between the forms of the government under 
the Empire from those of the Republic. The main 
distinction rested in the greater activity of all. classes 
of business under the former, while in fact it sa- 
vored quite as much of democracy. Under the Re- 



MAXIMILIAN. 141 

public, th(j President issued decrees ; under the Empire, 
the Emperor did likewise. The latter established laws 
equally liberal in every respect as the former ; and his 
courts of justice were composed of the best class of men, 
the most learned in the science of jurisprudence. One 
of the Emperor's great leading maxims was justice. 
His motto, that met the eye in every public place, was, 
" Equity in Justice." 

Sin, plated with gold, was no impenetrable armor to 
the sword of justice; and poverty clothed in rags re- 
ceived no greater infliction from the same weapon. There 
was a broad equality, which, if it had received the ap- 
pellation of "republican," could hardly have appeared 
less oppressive to the mind or purse. 

The great business community were of opinion that 
the nature of the institutions of the Empire were highly 
favorable to the advancement of commerce and the 
general interests of the country. The lower class per- 
ceived no objection to the reign of His Majesty, but 
were rather pleased Avith it. The Indians have been 
frequently observed drawing a piece of money from their 
pockets which had the form of His Majesty's head upon 
it, pointing to it, and saying, " That is the man who pro- 
tects us." It is some proof, at least, that that class of 
the community were not impressed with the belief that 
oppression was allotted to them. 

The Emperor and Empress both paid a great deal of 
attention to the education and support of the poor. 
Hospitals were established, visited, and cared for, by 
those sovereigns, as much as time would permit. 

No ruler of the nation had a s:reater desire to devel- 
op the resources of the country, to advance its general 
prosperity, and (o educate the people. Although a 
monarch, he did not believe that his empire would be 
better supported by the columns of ignorance. He was 
enthusiastically in favor of popular instruction. Solid, 



1-12 MAXlMILIAJf. 

stable, as well as decorative knowledge, he thought 
should be widely diifused. He AVas equally enthusiastic 
in opposition to bigotry and intolerance. To have a 
few brilliant intellectual lights illuminating the general 
darkness, was for him insufficient ; he wished CA^ery 
human being Avithin his Empire to be a light of knoAvl- 
edge, AA^hose brilliancy should be increased by the oil of 
perseverance and time. He Avas emphatically the friend 
of mankind. Probably no prince in Europe was more 
democratic in all his views than he. 

His shoAV of sympathy toAvards men was real ; for he 
had in that no vanity, no pride, to be satisfied with the 
buzz of admiration. It was that satisfaction only AAdiich 
his conscience receiA^ed from the performance of duty. 
He believed in his heart that it was his religious duty 
to enlighten his people. He viewed with admiration all 
moral advancement. He Avas a monarch by title — a re- 
publican in his actions. 

One day, while in the city of Morelia, in the State 
of Michoacan, an ordinary Mexican cried out, " Viva 
the President of the Empire !" His Majesty smiled, and 
said that he AA^ould not object to the adoption of that 
title, but that the people in Europe might criticize it. 

The revenue of His Majesty was at first fixed at one 
and a half million of dollars per annum, by the Regency. 
After the first year, it Avas reduced to one half of a mil- 
lion, at his su2:o:estion. The first amount was the same 
as that allowed the first Emperor, Iturbide, by the Mexi- 
can Congress, December 28th, 1822. Although His 
Majesty drew a large amount of his revenue, yet he 
personally received no particular benefit therefrom, ex- 
cept a comfortable living. He was not extravagant; 
and the money unappropriated for his household aflairs 
Avent to the poor. The greater part of his revenue was 
spent for charitable purposes, and the payment of the 
officers on the Civil List. All of it circulated in the 



MAXIMILIAN, 143 

country. So that its expenditure benefited the mechanic, 
the merchant, and especially the poor. 

Thus it would appear, at first blush, that the sovereign 
head of the nation was oppressive in his financial de- 
mands upon a considerably exhausted exchequer, yet, 
after all, he was exceedingly frugal in fact. 

The Emperor lived plainly. Nor could the articles of 
his household furniture be considered of too costly a 
character for a sovereia;n. He well knew that the 
greatness of a ruler was not measured by the value of 
the silver, gold, and brilliancies in his mansion ; nor by 
the glitter of richly decorated equipage, with its long 
train of tinselled escort. It is true, that among his three 
elegant carriages there was one beyond the ordinary 
value and richness of vehicles which are made even for 
the conveyance of imperial sovereigns. But he obtained 
it by no expenditure from his own purse, nor the treas- 
ury of Mexico. It was presented to him by the citizens 
of the city of Milan, as a token of afiection and esteem. 
One cannot view a gift of such artistic skill and of so 
much value, without being reminded of the fact, that 
Maximilian could not have been considered as a tyran- 
nical Governor over the province of Lombard- Venice. 

The exterior of that superb carriage is nearly all richly 
gilded — particularly the iron-work. The small part of 
the wood-work not gilded, is bright crimson. The ex- 
terior of the body is veneered with tortoise-shell. One 
large shell covers the door, on which is beautifully por- 
trayed the Mexican coat of arms. The handles, hinges, 
buckles on the straps, the caps and rims of the hubs, a 
fabled grifiin on the top at each corner, and the coat of 
arms surmounting the carriage on every side, are of solid 
silver. The top is about nine feet from the ground, 
curving outward a little, bell-shaped, and a foot wider 
than the centre. On each exterior corner is an angel 
some eighteen inches long, richly gilded all over. 



14-4 MAXIMILIAN. 

The interior is of richly figured light-colored damask 
silk. It cost twenty-four thousand florins ; which is less 
than twelve thousand dollars. It has been used but five 
times, twice in Milan, and three times in Mexico, — in 
the latter country, on the sixteenth day of September, 
1864 and 1865, the anniversary of the Independence of 
Mexico, and on the sixth of July, 1865, the anniversary 
of Maximilian's birthday. It is now locked up in the 
carriage-house of the National Palace. It would sug- 
gest itself to refined minds of honor, that, inasmuch as 
it was a present from the people of Milan, the magna- 
nimity of the conquerors ought to be great enough to 
cause it to be returned to the family of Maximilian. 

The Emperor had forty mules, thirty of which were 
white ; and six of the latter were usually driven in the 
carriage in which he rode. He also had sixty horses ; 
several of which were expressly to be used imder the 
saddle. 

He was anxious to bring about harmony with the dis- 
sidents on the mildest terms. On the 27 th of July, 
1864, he issued a decree to the effect that those who felt 
disposed to lay down their arms, could do so, and return 
to private life, without being questioned as to their po- 
litical views. 

August Vth, 1864, he decreed that every one might 
freely express his opinion upon all oflicial acts, with a 
view of showing their error and ill consequences. 

Highway robbery became so frequent, that the Em- 
peror issued a circular, September 16th, 1864, in which 
it was ordered that those charged with the crime of rob- 
bery should be tried before the French Court-martial. 
Many of those who were tried and executed for that 
crime have been considered by the Liberals as political 
prisoners, and the charge of cruelty therefor has been 
made against the Emperor. 

Soon after the machinery of government under Maxi- 



MAXIMiLIAX, 145 

milian was in good running order, he sought for a rural 
spot in which to repose — some place outside of the hum 
of the city walls, where he might survey Nature's beauty, 
reflect in silence uj^on the vastness and richness of his 
adopted home, and meditate upon the contemplated 
sjjlendor that was to surround his new empire. And 
what could suggest loftier ideas than the sight of that 
bold, grand, and sublime mountain-pile, Popocatepetl, 
with its hoary head bathed in the summer cloud, Avhile 
nearer and all around Nature was arrayed in her mantle 
of loveliest green, all studded with Flora's variegated 
colors. The Emperor found all this, coinciding in taste 
with Moctezuma, by selecting the famed hill of Chapul- 
tepec as his country-seat. 

A little south of west, at a distance of two and a half 
miles from the city of Mexico, stands the palace or castle 
of Chapultepec, on elevated ground, nearly two hundred 
feet higher than the surrounding valley, which on the 
east side presents a porphyritic base, still bearing the 
prints of Aztec sculpture. The base of the hill from 
east to w^est is not far from fifteen hundred feet in length, 
and from north to south about one thousand, and oval 
in form. The eastern exterior line of the grounds is 
bounded by a long one-story stone house, nearly two 
hundred feet in length, near the centre of which is the 
entrance, through a large arched portal. Surrounding 
the hill for several hundred yards is a beautiful grove of 
elms, poplar, oak, and cedar. The latter class of tree 
has some among its number whose mighty trunks in- 
form the traveller that they shaded the old chieftain 
Moctezuma from the noonday sun, while he plotted for 
the defence of his home against the advancing hordes 
of the Spanish invaders. The maguey, the narrow leaf 
pepper-tree, with its crimson berries, wild shrubbery, 
mingled here and there with some sweet-scented flowers, 
spread all over the steeps of that enchanted crest. An 

7 



146 , MAXIMILIAJ?^. 

jiiicient road winds around its base, once only tracked 
l)y Indian foot-prints. Now is seen a superb macadam- 
ized road, that circles around from the east toward the 
right, until it reaches the summit of the terraced hill on 
the western side. This is one of the wise improvements 
of Maximilian. The building that faces the city is one 
hundred and twenty-five feet long, with two verandas, 
one above the other, supported by seven columns of the 
Doric order, between which is an iron balustrade three 
and a half feet high, richly gilded. From these veran- 
das the view is perfectly enchanting. The great city in 
front, its cathedral, with its twin towers, catches the 
eye, as the great guiding object ; the serrated moun- 
tains circled in the distance, the green lawns all around, 
studded with beautiful shade-trees, and variegated with 
the mosaic work of Art and Nature combined in its culti- 
vated fields, present one of the most charming views 
to be Avitnessed anywhere. It causes the traveller 
to exclaim, "Who would not live in the valley of 
Mexico ?" 

The width of the front building is twenty-five feet. 
It has six rooms in the upper story, which was occupied 
by Their Majesties. There is nothing fine in the con- 
struction of this palace, nor did it contain costly furni- 
ture. The southern end has annexed thereto a tower 
ten feet in diameter, and about forty in height. The 
west side has also a veranda. The north end has a wino; 
running west about twenty-five feet. About fifty feet 
in the rear of the centre of this buildinsj is another one, 
running west over two hundred feet, at a risfht amrle 
with the former ; on the east end of which is another 
tower thirty feet in diameter, and fifty high, having 
within it a spiral stairway, and surmounted by a gilded 
iron railing. In the latter buildino; is a new dinincr-room 
one hundred feet long and twenty-five Avide. It has five 
windows on each side, between which are two fluted 



MAXIMILIAN. 147 

Corinthian pilasters ; and the cornice, which is very neat, 
is adorned with a gilded crown and Mexican eagle al- 
ternate. The floor is of oak. This room, as well as the 
main part of the building, is not completed. 

In the parterre in the rear of the front buildings and 
running along on either side of the other structure, are 
exquisite groups of flowers, among which are the rose, 
the jessamine, the myrtle, the fuchsia, the honeysuckle, 
and countless others, mingling their ingredients in the 
balmy air, until intoxication from the sipping of the 
scented compound lulls the buzz of the numerous gaudy- 
plumed humming-birds. In front of the large tower is 
a fountain, throAving up its glittering spray, while the 
surrounding bronze statues are apparently silently list- 
ening to the music of its pattering drops. This was a 
favorite spot for Moctezuma, as it was for others who 
came before him in the same ancestral line. 

While Maximilian w^as charmed with the interesting 
grounds of Chapultepec, he occasionally desired to wan- 
der where the sunbeams of the warmer clime of the 
lowlands bathed the tropical fruits; and where, in order 
to reach the spot, he would have to journey through 
wild mountain-scenery, receiving the pleasures of the 
ride, while he drank in the odors of the forest foliage, 
and photographed on memory's leaf the surrounding 
grandeur. 

Cuernavaca, fifty miles south of the capital, was the 
attractive garden of the tierras calientes. Here he was 
surrounded by wild and cultivated flowers, aromatic 
shrubs, intermingled here and there with some stately 
and gracefully-bending tree, that cast a pleasant cooling 
shade beneath the bm-ning sun. 

It was a retreat particularly interesting and romantic 
to the Emperor and to the Empress, w^ho not unfre- 
quently accompanied him there. His Majesty visited 
that valley quite often, remaining there from three to 



148 MAXIMILIAN. 

ten days at a time. The climate is charming during 
winter and spring. 

Bathing in the limpid waters, in the early morn, was 
a treat of which the Emperor availed himself. He ex- 
pended no large sums of money there for costly man- 
sions, nor for imperial show of grandeur. He first re- 
sided in an ancient building, formerly occupied by 
Cortez, which the Ayuntamiento tendered him. As it 
was considerably dilapidated, and not pleasant, he 
rented a better one, for which he paid $40 per month. 
He also purchased a tract of land containing about five 
acres, at Acapamzingo, a half-league distant, on which 
he erected a small house, with five rooms and a bathing 
place. He cultivated a little flower-garden near the house. 

Cuernavaca had its charms for Cortez. He owned 
there an extensive estate, which may be seen to-day 
pouring forth its riches, in luxuriant growths of sugar- 
cane, coffee, and spangled all over with golden fruit. 

Long^ before the traveller reaches that enchantino; 
rural spot, the eye has been enchained by the sumptuous 
beauties of the road-side. The scenery is rich, beautiful, 
wild, and grand. You cast your eye downward, and 
you behold the slanting rays of the sun burnishing the 
deep ravines, fathomless to the eye ; but from which, in 
countless places, shoots up exquisite foliage, apparently 
springing from an aerial base, or, as one might fancy, 
supported by some angelic hand anxious to bathe its 
paradisaical vegetation in the soft mellow light of the 
sunbeams. Amid the thickets, intertwined and em- 
broidered with intoxicating flowers, is heard the various 
notes of the bird of Paradise and other sweet songsters, 
clothed in their mail of deeply-dyed plumage. 

High above and around, massive rocks stand as sen- 
tinels, as if to guard the bewitching scenery from the 
touch of man, and sometimes curtain from his sight the 
deep-growing beauties that sparkle below. 



MAXIMILTAX. 149 

And between those colossal walls float the glossy- 
plumed warblers in the ambient air, as gently as the sea- 
gull on the ocean's deep ; and turn their golden hues 
to the glittering sun, and sparkle like the phosphoric 
gleam in its evening dance on the surface of a southern 
sea. 



CHAPTER X. 

Part of the "Provisional Statute" of the Empire— Laws of the Empire and 
Republic compared— Decree of October 3d, 1865— Why issued— Observations 
of a Mexican Journal— Death of King Leopold I.— Audience of grief— Ad- 
dress of Emperor thereat— Eeduction of his revenue— His habit and dress 
— Ceremonies of Lavation— His address, Sept. 16, 1866. 

IT will not be considered as deviating from the true 
course, to insert herein some of the principles which 
were woven in the warp and woof of the Imperial ban- 
ner which Mexico flaunted in the breeze under the 
monarchy. They will be somewhat illustrative of the 
political views of him who stood at the head of that 
Empire. A knowledge of these is requisite to draw cor- 
rect principles, from which we may judge with discern- 
ment of the character of that ruler. 

If we hold them uj) to the light of jurisprudence, side 
by side with the fundamental basis of the Republic, to- 
gether with the practice pursued under both, the piercing 
eye of justice will scarcely be able to distinguish and 
characterize more liberty, liberality, and equity under 
the latter than under the former. 

If the word republicanism is in the least degree sooth- 
ing to the thoughts, it exei-cises no influence in abating 
the rigor of the law that is actually applied under it, in 
Mexico. 

On the tenth of April, 1865, at the Palace of Chapul- 
tepec, His Majesty executed the Provisional Statute, 
which is the substructure of the legislative fabric, as the 
Constitution is of a Republic. The following is taken 
from that Statute : 

" The Emperor shall represent the sovereignty of the 



MAXIMILIAX. 1 5 1 

nation ; and while he shall decree nothing in the definite 
organization of the Empire, he shall act in all its 
branches according to his own will, or hj means of the 
authorities and public functionaries. 

" The Emperor governs by means of a ministry, com- 
posed of nine Departmental Ministers. 

" The Emperor shall confer with the Council of State 
relative to the formation of laws and regulations ; and 
upon consultation, when convenient, shall direct the 
same. 

" Every Mexican has a right to obtain an audience 
with the Emperor, and to present his petitions and com- 
plaints. For this purpose he shall apply to the Cabinet 
in proper form. 

" The magistrates and judges, in the exercise of their 
judicial functions, shall enjoy absolute independence. 

"The military shall always respect and assist the 
civil authorities; they shall exact nothing from citizens 
except through the latter, and shall not exercise civil 
functions except when a state of siege or blockade is 
declared as provided by law. 

" The Government of the Empire guarantees to all 
inhabitants of the Empire, in conformity to law, equal- 
ity before the law, personal security, property, exercise 
of worship, and liberty of publishing one's opinions. 

" No one can be detained without command of com- 
petent authority, made in writing and affirmed, which 
can only operate against a person when circumstantial 
evidence presumes him to be the perpetrator of an 
offence; except when a crime is committed in- one's 
presence, in which case any person may apprehend the 
criminal and take him before a judicial or other com- 
petent authority. 

"Property is inviolable, and cannot be used, except 
in case of absolute public utility, by means of prior and 
complete indemnity, and in the form prescribed by law. 



152 MAXrsriLTAlN'. 

"The confiscation of property is forever prohibited. 
All the irajx)sts for the treasury of the Empire, shall be 
general and decreed annually. 

" Taxes can be imposed only by virtue of the law. 
No one can be molested for his opinion ; nor shall the 
freedom of the press be obstructed, but subject to the 
laws regulating- the exercise of that right." 

Who that has long lived in Mexico under the Re- 
public, has not seen nearly every one of the foregoing 
principles violated ? 

Is property held inviolable, under the Republic ? 

I have just seen the Governor of the District of Mex- 
ico go stealthily, under the cover of night, with men, to 
demolish a citizen's property, in order to make a new 
street over the ground on which the building stood. 

I have seen the President making laws, after the ter- 
mination of the war, under a Constitution which pro- 
hibits him from so doing at any time. 

Since the war, the liberties of the press have been 
curtailed by that same Executive, in violation of consti- 
tutional rights, 

I saw Americans who had been arrested by the 
civil authority, and imprisoned, for three or four days, 
without trial, without a writ, or any complaint being 
made against them, brtt merely upon the verbal state- 
ment of a pereon, who requested the officer to make the 
arrest. 

The inhabitants are taxed or forced to pay contribu- 
tions, not according to regularly defined laws, but in 
accordance with the will of the Executive. 

These facts and principles have not been stated here- 
in, in support of the Empire ; but that they may fall 
under the light of comparison — ^that the operations of 
those Republican officei*s may be seen, who have meted 
out their vengeance upon the head of the Empire, in 
retaliation for alleged cruelty and inhumanity. 



MAXIMILIAN. 153 

It is not difficult for one familiar with Mexico to 
perceive that the Executive prerogatives exercised under 
republicanism, are not circumscribed within narrower 
limits than those claimed under imperial sway. 

The formation of the political machine under the Re- 
public cannot be considered as remarkably faulty ; but 
the evidence presented to the world is conclusive that it 
has been ill-adjusted by the operators. Their unwise 
acts have so frequently obstructed and defeated the sal- 
utary effects of the fundamental basis of their govern- 
ment, that the rights of the citizens are lost sight of, and 
they no longer look upon it as a shield to their persons 
and property. It is to be regretted by every lover of 
republican principles ; yet, the desire of our heart should 
not bridle the tongue from declaring the truth as to ex- 
isting facts. 

When there is in fact no constitutional restraint upon 
the will of the Executive, in a government that hoists the 
ensign of a Republic, it is like a false guide-board to the 
traveller in a foreign land ; and the pirate that throws 
to the breeze the colors of a powerful nation, is not more 
deceptive and dangerous. 

The decree executed October 3d, 1865, by His Ma- 
jesty Maximilian has been viewed as extraordinary, and 
not within the pale of civilized governments, but fraught 
with that severity and inhumanity, the reading of which 
causes a shudder. The rule of the judiciary is to hear 
both sides of a cause before rendering a judgment. Let 
the public follow their example. Has the public ever 
read the infamous law of January 25th, 1862, made by 
the Liberal party of Mexico ? That law will be herein- 
after set forth and discussed. 

The above-mentioned decree of October was issued at 
the instance of Marshal Bazaine. He appeared before 
the Council, and stated as a positive fact that Juarez had 
left the territory of Mexico, and that he was then in the 



154 MAXIMILIAN. 

State of Texas, in the United States of i^orth America. 
Bazaine said to the Council and to the Emperor that 
it was absolutely necessary to pass some severe law to 
put down the malcontents : that inasmuch as the leader 
of the opposite party had abandoned the territory, 
the remaining few were nothing more in the eye of the 
law than banditti ; and therefore such a decree would 
be sustained by the law of nations. In the mind of the 
Emperor such a law was marked with too much severity, 
and he expressed himself decidedly opposed to it. But 
after much debate and consideration, together with a 
decided opinion of the ministry in support of the decree, 
he signed it, although reluctantly. It will be observed 
that this is one of the few decrees signed by all the 
ministers. 

That the Emperor fully believed that Jaurez was ac- 
tually beyond the jurisdiction of Mexico, there can be 
no doubt. 

That great barbarity was practised by the Liberals, 
was a common remark in Mexico at that time. The peo- 
ple generally in Mexico believed that Juarez had left the 
country. At least, I have talked with many in the city 
of Mexico who said that they believed it. 

As some evidence of the opinion prevailing in that 
city, I will insert here a copy of an article taken from 
" The Mexican Times^'' bearing date Saturday, Febru- 
ary 24th, 1866: 

" We are satisfied that the United States press, that 
have criticised so severely the order of His Majesty the 
Emperor, requiring all guerrillas taken with arms in 
their hands to be shot, are entirely ignorant of the state 
of things existing in Mexico. A long time before that 
decree was issued, the Imperial forces were suffering se- 
riously from the conduct of the dissidents. Whenever 
they took a Frenchman he was immediately shot, while 
the prisoners taken by the French troops were released 



MAXIMILIAN. 155 

and sent back to their homes. The Emperor, in the kind- 
ness of his heart, has turned loose hundreds and thou- 
sands who, not appreciating his leniency, went straight 
into the mountains and joined again their old friends 
the robbers. This state of things lasted in Mexico for a 
long time, — the dissidents killing their prisoners without 
mercy, while the Imperial forces spared theirs. Al- 
though there has been no organized force in Mexico op- 
posed to the Empire since the fall of Oajaca, still His 
Majesty did not issue this decree until Juarez had fled 
the country, leaving behind him no constituted legal 
authority whatever to carry on the war. President Jua- 
rez took with him his entire cabinet, leaving no head or 
leader in Mexico. As to Escobedo and Cortina, they 
were simply outlaws who rob friend and foe, and mur- 
der for filthy lucre. Witness the murder of General 
Parson of Missouri, and party, and the shocking bar- 
barity committed on their persons. If these guerrillas 
are under the control of Juarez, he is responsible for this 
wholesale murder of those innocent men. We therefore 
request our brethren of the northern press to recollect : 

" 1st. That the dissidents (guerrillas) inaugurated this 
shooting of prisoners. 

" 2d. That there had not been for many a long month 
before the issuance of the decree by the Emperor, any 
organized force making war upon the Empire. 

" 3d. There is none now. 

" 4th. Ex-President Juarez, with his whole court and 
cabinet, had abandoned Mexico before the decree was 
issued. The only force in arms against the Empii-o 
at the time the decree was issued, were irresponsible 
guerrillas, who robbed friend and foe, old and young, 
women and children." 

Under the foregoing state of facts, and the provisions 
of the law of 1862, made by the Liberals, it could hardly 
be expected by rational men that some law in retalia- 



156 MAXIMILIAN. 

tion of those acts of savage barbarity would not be 
created by the Empire. The surprise well might be, 
that the Emperor waited so long before executing some 
decree that would be considered a sufficient punishment 
to deter further inhuman acts. 

Soon after the issuance of the said decree of October 
3d, near the latter part of the said month, twenty-eight 
persons were taken prisoners by General Mendez, in 
Morelia, in the Department of Michoacan. Four of 
them were shot; namely. General Arteaga, Colonel 
Salasa, and two whose names are unknown to me. 
When information reached the Emperor that the four 
had been executed, he felt exceedingly grieved, and 
despatched a courier to inform Mendez that he disap- 
proved the act, and that he must shoot no. more. The 
Emperor immediately issued orders to the commanders 
of the different divisions to execute no prisoners until 
orders were received from him to that effect. 

Although the decree was in force, it was not the in- 
tention of His Majesty to carry it out ; but only to hold 
it as a ten'or over the enemy, in order that it might have 
a tendency to stop bloodshed. 

With a view of preventing executions under that de- 
cree, the Emperor ordered the telegraph-office to be kept 
open nights. And he further ordered that the operators 
should wake him, whenever a message came which re- 
ported a capture of prisoners. He was frequently awak- 
ened under that order, and he never failed to send an 
order prohibiting the execution of prisoners. 

Further comment mil be made upon the October de- 
cree, in connection with the trial of Maximilian. 

A sad event occurred in December, 1865, in Europe, 
information of which reached Mexico in the first part of 
the following month, and mantled Their Majesties with 
mourning and sorrow. King Leopold I., of Belgium, 
the father of the Empress Carlota, had expired. 



MAXIMILIAN. 157 

In memory of tlie departed, and respect to the livino-, 
an "audience of grief" was held, January 15th, 1866, in 
accordance with the programme previously published. 
The Diplomatic Corps and the great dignitaries pre- 
sented themselves in full mourning, to oifer condolence 
to Their Majesties, on account of the sad bereavement 
which had befallen them. In the midst of that solemn 
audience, one of the Ministers of State, Seiior D. F. 
Kamirez, addressed Their Majesties in a becoming 
style, with much dignity and with tender feelings of 
sympathy. 

His Majesty, with great kindness of heart, responded. 
On this occasion, he expressed his feelings and opinions 
relative to his government, which will not be uninterest- 
ing, as expressive of the sincerity of his views and the 
rectitude of his actions. That response was in the fol- 
lowino; Ian2:ua2:e : 

*' Gentlemen : 

"I am thankful to you for the participation you 
have taken in the sad event which has just wounded the 
Empress and myself. 

" In such a great misfortune it is, however, a consola- 
tion to remember the great and laudable example which, 
as a most sacred inheritance, the King of Belgium be- 
queaths to us. He, as ourselves, in accepting the throne 
which a people offered him, met a nation to constitute 
and a o-overnment to establish. The uninterested inter- 
vention of France enabled him to restore peace, and he 
dedicated himself to very important internal reforms. 
He f)roraised liberty to his people, and during the 
lengthy period of twenty-five years, he fulfilled hig en- 
gagement. He promised security and tranquillity to 
the country, and they were given, and with them their 
independence, — thus placing Belgium in a high rank 
among the nations of Europe, especially in a commer- 



158 MAXIMILIAX. 

cial point of view, and leaving spotless its noble motto 
and banners. 

" We will know how to follow that great example, by 
which God has taught us that Providence never aban- 
dons the honest and just monarch s in their noble enter- 
prises. 

"The Empress, his daughter, has just returned from a 
laborious journey in distant lands and in dreadful cli- 
mates, without other guard than the love of the people, 
and everywhere meeting a frank and cordial reception, 
which shows once more the sympathy existing between 
the nation and its rulers. This fact proves beyond a 
doubt the error in which were laboring many ill-inten- 
tioned parties who had rumored a departure of the Em- 
press for Europe, and predicted and wished her a hostile 
reception in the country she was to travel through. 

" It is gratifying to me to express on this occasion my 
profound gratitude to the heroic Vera Cruz and the 
beautiful Yucatan, which received the Empress with such 
solicitude, that its memory will ever be graven upon my 
inmost soul. 

" As to me. Gentlemen, you have witnessed my labors. 
Discarding the dangerous theories which lead to anarchy, 
I devoted my time to the organization of public admin- 
istration, to the development of all the elements of 
prosperity and wealth of the country, and to the solu- 
tion of the questions which most interest it. 

" In this arduous labor I have resisted the importuni- 
ties of some and the discouragement of others, knowing 
that the wounds inflicted during fifteen years of civil 
war do not heal in one day ; but, firm in the conscious- 
ness of my duty, I will follow unhesitatingly my patli 
with indefatigable perseverance. My strength may fail — ■ 
my courage, never ! 

" I will endeavor to maintain the democratic habits 
of the nation, I am convinced that they elevate the 



StAXIMILIAN". 159 

minds of the citizens, im23ressing them with conscious- 
ness of their dignity and valor. 

"I have protected the liberty of the press as long as 
it did not degenerate into unlimited license ; at the same 
time having the authority of the law exercised. 

" Very blind is he who does not see that a strong 
authority is the only anchor of salvation for our country. 

" You have been able to observe our calm attitude 
durino; that storm of calumnies raised a^'ainst us abroad. 
On, Gentlemen ! the calumnies will pass over, and our 
work will stand. 

•' Strongly supported by my conscience and the up- 
rightness of my intentions, I quietly contemplate the 
future. Mexico has placed her honor in my hands, and 
she must know that this honor will be kept unstained 
and unspotted." 

The reduction made by the Emperor in his own 
revenue, which includes all of that expended for the 
Imperial House, known as the Civil List, is adequate 
proof of his economy. On the 15th of March, a. d. 
1866, he wrote from Cuernavaca, to the Minister and 
Intendent-General of the Civil List, a letter which con- 
tained, among otlier things, the following : 

" In view of the present exigencies of the treasury, 
and while the condition of the public treasury is so bur- 
dened, it is our firm resolution to receive only from the 
State for the Civil List the third part of the annual 
revenue which belongs to it, according to the said de- 
cree of the Regency ; that is, the sum of five hundred 
thousand dollars for all the said expenses." 

He farther observed in the same letter, that — 

" This reduction in the expenses is preferred by us, 
through choice, to the customary splendor and greatness 



160 MAXIMILIAj!^. 

cf the European Courts ; because simplicity and moder- 
ation better accord with the democratic ideas which 
animate us ; and besides, it raises the prestige of the 
monarchy as much as the brilliancy of a splendid 
Court." 

The Emperor was quite regular in his habits. He re- 
tired from eight to nine o'clock. When in the National 
Palace he frequently went to bed at eight, and at Cha- 
j^ultepec usually at about nine o'clock. He sometimes 
read while in bed for a half-hour, and sometimes would 
require his valet de chamhre to read to him from some 
German work until he fell into slumber. While at Cha- 
pultepec he rose at three o'clock in the morning, and 
immediately commenced writing, — answering letters, 
signing documents, etc. At hplf-past five he took a cup 
of coffee. At seven he rode out for an hour. He break- 
fasted between eight and nine. He drank seidlitz w^ater 
wdth ice at the table. He dined at half-past three, never 
eating fruit at his meals, nor drinking coffee at dinner. 
After dinner he smoked, then rode out in his carriage, 
usually drawn by six white mules, wdth coachman and 
groom, and one mounted escort in the advance. The 
three servants dressed in apparel made of soft leather. 
After the ride he would generally call his secretary, or 
an officer, and play billiards. His breakfast and his 
early coffee were usually taken without the company of 
the Empress, — that is, the coffee particularly, as it was 
not a convenient hour for her. They invariably dined 
together. Whenever they ate separately, he was accom- 
panied by his secretary, or some officer, and the Empress 
by her maid of honor, Seiiorita Josefa Varela. 

From one o'clock to half-past two, in the afternoon, 
was the time designated for his ministers and visitors 
to call. 

He wore, generally, light-colored pants, a black frock- 



MAXIMILIAN". 161 

coat, black vest ; and while at Chapultepec, a soft white 
hat, with a low crown ; and when in the city, a high- 
crowned hat, white or gray. His overcoat was gray. 
He also wore a set of studs and sleeve-buttons, set with 
blue stones, which he had used for many years without 
any change for others. 

On the second finger of his right hand Avere two heavy 
plain gold rings. One of them had the following inscrip- 
tion on the interior surface : " Prince. M. Charlotte, 
27th July, 1857. G. G. G." On the little finger of his left 
hand was a gold ring with a large blue setting, having 
engraved thereon the Mexican coat of arms. When 
he retired at night, he took off one of his j^lain rings ; 
and after washing the next morning, placed it again 
on his finger. Which ring it was, or why he did 
so, I was not able to learn. While at Cuernavaca he 
dressed in white linen, and Panama hat. At parties, 
he sometimes dressed in citizens' clothes. 

Their Majesties were both devout in their attachment 
to the Roman Catholic faith, and in attention to its pre- 
cepts. They performed the ceremony of the Lavation, 
on Holy Thursday, at noon, in 1866, at the National 
Palace, in the reception-saloon. Tickets were issued 
inviting a large number to attend ; and the apartment 
was quite crowded. Twelve old men, of humble position 
in life, were seated on a bench with a table before them, 
furnished with a white cloth, twelve plates, and knives 
and forks. On the opposite side of the room stood 
another table prepared in like style, with twelve women 
seated thereat. The Emperor wore the uniform of a 
Mexican General, and was accompanied by his aids and 
household officers. The Empress was dressed in black, 
wearing black earrings — assisted by her maids of honor. 
The twelve men and women were in black apparel, 
with white collars. The table was served in courses, 
brought in on wooden trays, by the guard palatinate. 



162 MAXIMILIAN. 

The dishes were taken therefrom by Count Bomhell and 
Princess Iturbide, and handed to the Empress, who 
served the twelve women with the same, at the same 
time conversing with them. She poured out the water 
and wine for them ; changed their plates as the differ- 
ent courses arrived; handed the used plates to Count 
Bombell — and thus continued until the conclusion. The 
Emperor went through the same ceremony with the 
twelve men, assisted by his household officers. Neither 
men nor women appeared to eat very heartily, although 
requested so to do, until the frijoles (beans) were 
served; and as that dish is the favorite of the Mexicans, 
they could not resist temptation. 

After the eating was finished the tables were removed, 
but the parties remained seated, and were covered with 
a long white cloth from their laps down to the floor. 

Behind the twelve women stood an equal number of 
girls from ten to sixteen years of age ; and behind the 
men the same number of boys were arrayed. 

The girls and boys advanced in front of the men and 
women respectively, and turning towards them took from 
them their shoes and stockings. The Emperor and Em- 
press, taking off their gloves, each receiving a bowl of 
water from their respective assistants, bent down upon 
their knees — the Emperor before the twelve men, and 
the Empress before the twelve women — and washed the 
feet of the twelve respectively ; and as they finished the 
washing, they kissed one foot of each person so washed. 

Thus ended that religious ceremony, which is per- 
formed by His Holiness the Pope, in imitation of our 
Saviour. 

On the sixteenth of September, 1866, the anniversary 
of Mexican Independence, an address was delivered to 
Their Majesties by D. Jose Fernando Ramirez, Minister 
of Foreign Affairs ; on which occasion the Emperor 
made the following expression, showing how truly he 



MAXIMILIAX. 1G3 

felt liiniself identified with the interest and welfare of 
Mexico : 

" MEXICA^^s : 

"This is a family rejoicing. It is to rejoice together 
as brothers, that we meet each year on this celebrated 
day around our glorious banner. The day on which our 
immortal Hidalgo, raising his patriotic voice with noble 
courage, assembled the heroes of a new era for Mexico, 
win always be for the children of our country a day of 
rejoicing as well as a day of duty ; — of rejoicing, because 
we celebrate in it the anniversary of our nationality ; of 
sacred duty, because every good Mexican ought to renew 
on that day the oath to live only for the greatness, the 
independence, and the integrity of his country, and to 
be ever ready to defend it with all his courage and en- 
ergy. The words of this oath are the first which I ut- 
tered as a good Mexican. I solemnly repeat them to-day 
to you. My heart, my soul, my labors, all my loyal 
efforts belong to you and to our dear country. 

" No power in this world will be able to make me 
vacillate in my duty. Every drop of my blood is now 
Mexican, and if God were to permit that new dangers 
should threaten our dear country, you would see me in 
your ranks fighting for its independence and its integ- 
rity. I may die, but I will die at the foot of our glo- 
rious banner, for no human force can make me abandon 
the post to which your confidence has called me. 

" What I do myself every true Mexican must do ; he 
must extirpate past feuds, he must bury past hate, and 
live only for the good and the prosperity of our beaut i- 
fiil country. Thus united in sentiment, and following 
the same path indicated to us by duty, we shall be 
strong, and we shall make those principles triumj^h 
which form the main object of our labors. 

" Let us take advantage of each day to develop and 



164 MAXIMILIAN. 

strengthen them. Let us unite ourselves closely to our 
noble allies and their glorious flag, and we shall thus 
see, growing in strength and bearing fruits, the beauti- 
ful tree of our independence, the seed of which was 
sown more than half a century ago by the great Hidalgo 
and his illustrious companions. Long live Independence ! 
Long live the remembrance of its great heroes !" 

When " new dangers" did arise, the Emperor was 
true to his promise. How well can his brave officers and 
men, who were around him in Queretaro, attest the truth 
of that averment ! He asked no man to run any more 
risk than he Avas willing to incur himself. The true 
soldier, the true man, was prominent in all his bearing. 
He was a nobleman of Nature, wanting no indorsement 
of man to perfect the title. 

About the eighth of October, 1866, the Emperor re- 
ceived the sad intelligence of the derangement of the 
Empress Carlota. It completely prostrated him. It 
was about two o'clock in the afternoon when the news 
reached him. He immediately rode out to the palace 
of Chapultepec, where he shed tears all that day. He 
remained there over ten days, confining himself closely 
to his apartments, scarcely seeing any one during that 
time. It was a sudden as well as a terrible blow of 
affliction to him. Her physical condition had been so 
good, that he never for a moment thought that such a 
misfortune could befall her. 

Smarting under the late bereavement, perplexed by 
the course pursued by Bazaine, and believing that the 
jealousy and discord of the latter had so weakened the 
political ties around him, that nothing but danger and 
misfortune could be seen looming up in the future — with 
all these thoughts pressing on his mind, the Emperor 
went to Orizaba, about the twentieth of October, with 
a view of leaving the country. These were trying cir- 



MAXIMILIAJf. 165 

ciiinstanccs, which called for the utmost vigor of thought 
and resolution to determine what method to adopt. 
But after a short reflection his drooj^ing spirits became 
aroused, and his inclination became strongly in favor of 
a resolute defence till the last. Honor inspired his mar- 
tial spirit to the highest pitch. He began to meditate 
upon the fact that they who had solicited his presence 
as their ruler, would be left in no agreeable or safe con- 
dition after his departure ; that they had been, with him, 
joint actors in the great work of building up the Em- 
pire, and that he could not go out of the copartnership 
until the contemplated work should prove to be an im- 
possibility, and the framework already erected should 
be annihilated. 

But anxious that the work should proceed in harmony 
with the majority, he was desirous of testing the will of 
the Mexican people. The same rule that governed his 
actions in coming to the country was still adhered to. 
That is, he required the support of a majority of the 
Mexicans in order to sustain his conscience in consenting 
to be their head. 

The fact that armed dissidents were in the field was 
no proof that such a majority was against him. He was 
not ignorant of the historical fact, that the supreme 
power of a nation is possessed by those who have the 
implements of war in their hands ; while at the same 
time it may be true, that they are far in the minority. 
That such a state of things has existed in Mexico, more 
than once, will not be questioned by those well versed 
in its history. 

He therefore expressed his views clearly to his Coun- 
cil, to Generals Miramon and Marquez, and Father 
Fischer, his secretary, while at Orizaba. He desired to 
receive an explanation of the will of the people ; and if 
that will were against him, he considered that honor 
would no longer compel him to remain for the purpose 



166 MAXlMILlA3f. 

of soliciting the peo^jle to yield to his reign, nor to force 
them by arms. 

With a view of hearing the voice of the people, he 
issued the following proclamation : 



" Mexicans : Circumstances of great magnitude, re- 
lating to the welfare of our country, and which increase 
in strength by our domestic difficulties, have produced 
in our mind the conviction that we ought to reconsider 
the power confided to us. 

" Our Council of Ministers, by us convoked, has given 
as their opinion that the v/elfare of Mexico still requires 
our presence at the head of aiFairs, and we have con- 
sidered it our duty to accede to their request. We an- 
nounce, at the same time, our intention to convoke a 
National Congress, on the most ample and liberal basis, 
where all political parties can participate. 

" This Congress shall decide whether the Empire shall 
continue in the future ; and in case of assent, shall assist 
in framing the fundamental laws to consolidate the pub- 
lic institutions of the country. To obtain this result, 
our Councillors are at present engaged in devising the 
necessary means, and at the same time arranging matters 
in such a manner that all parties may assist in an ar- 
rangement on that basis. 

" In the mean time, Mexicans, counting upon you all, 
without excluding any political class, we shall continue 
with courage and constancy the work of regeneration 
which you have placed in charge of your countryman. 

" Maximiliaist. 
** Orizaba, Dec. 1, 1866." 

On the 12th, His Majesty, His Council of Ministers, 
General Marquez, and Father Fischer, left Orizaba, and 
on the 18th reached Puebla. His Majesty and Father 
Fischer there remained until the 3d of January follow- 



MAXIMILIAN. 167 

ing. The Ministers and Gen. Marquez proceeded on to 
tlie city of Mexico. On the 6th of January, His Ma- 
jesty and Father Fischer arrived at the Capital. 

The contemplated session of Congress did not take 
place, for the reason that the state of the country was 
such that an election was impossible. No blame can be 
attached to his Majesty on that account. He was heart- 
ily desirous of bringing about an election, at which all 
parties might express freely their wish, uninfluenced by 
his own bayonets. 

Inasmuch as vituperations have been profusely uttered 
against His Majesty for the alleged cruelties perpetrated 
under his sway, it will not be improper to state certain 
facts as to the regular course of justice pursued during a 
part of the time, considering that I have procured posi- 
tive proof of what I am about to relate. 

During nine months of the year 1866, in the city of 
Mexico, the court-martial, of which Colonel Luis Reyes 
was president, tried twenty-seven persons, most of whom 
had been guilty of robbery and other felonious crimes. 
Three of them only w^ere convicted of political crimes, 
and not one of the latter w^as executed, but all were re- 
leased. 

Cruelty was not an ingredient mixed up in Maxi- 
milian. It was as impossible for him to be cruel as it is 
to mix oil and water. 



CHAPTER XI. 

Maximilian goes to Queretaro— History of tlie city— Maximilian's opinions— 
His habits— Battles— Taking of the city by the Liberals— His surrender and 
imprisonment. 

" Before my breath, like blazing flax, 
Man and his marvels pass away ! 
And changing empires wane and wax, 
Are founded, flourish, and decay." 

OK the 6th day of February, a. d. 1866, the French 
troops left the city of Mexico. Their connection 
with the government of Maximilian had ceased. His 
Majesty, fearing that the clouds of despair might darken 
the views of his forces within the city of Queretaro, 
concluded, after receiving the opinion of his Council, in 
unison with his own, to appear in person at that point, 
hoping that his presence might stimulate the soldiers, 
and give them new hope. Consequently, at the head of 
a force of not far from eighteen hundred men, comj^osed 
of cavalry, infantry, and artillery, accompanied by Gen- 
eral Marquez and Seiior Aguirre, Minister of War, he 
took up his line of march February 13th, for Queretaro. 
On the first and fourth day he had light skirmishing with 
a party of guerrillas, the latter day's fight lasting several 
hours ; a few were killed, and several were wounded on 
both sides. He reached Arroyo Seco on the 18th, distant 
from the latter city four leagues. Very early the next 
morning he was again in the saddle, and at about ten 
o'clock he, with his little army, entered Queretaro in the 
most triumphal manner. Before entering, he was met 
by Generals Miramon and Mejia, their staflfs, and the 
whole force at Queretaro, numbering over three thousand 
men. The entrance was grand and imposing. His 



MAXIMILIAN. 169 

Majesty sat upon a large elegant white steed, dressed in 
a dark blue uniform as a Mexican general, with military 
boots over liis pants, and a small cap, called a hepi. 

All Queretaro seemed to be out of doors. Both sides 
of the road were lined with people, crowding almost on 
to the soldiery. Shouts of " Long live the Emperor" 
went up from every direction, as though by one united 
voice. Church-bells chimed without cessation, as if they 
were calling the whole nation together ; hats, handker- 
chiefs, and gay ribbons were waving, while bouquets were 
falling all around His Majesty in showers, thrown by 
smiling seiioritas, as fresh as their garden-flowers. One 
would have concluded, while gazing at that enthusiastic 
mass, that they supposed a new era of perfect bliss had 
appeared. His Majesty, with his accustomed affability 
and general good-nature, was bowing, first on this, then 
on that side, amid the universal applause of the multi- 
tude. Surely Maximilian thought he had fallen among 
friends. That friendship was genuine. The citizens of 
Queretaro have given ample evidence of their friendship 
for him during all his misfortunes. Would that the 
same could be said of his own officers ! Those citizens 
smiled when fortune surrounded His Majesty — they wept 
when sorrow lighted upon his brow. 

Queretaro is situated in latitude twenty degrees and 
twenty-three minutes north ; and in longitude one de- 
gree and five minutes west from the meridian of the city 
of Mexico, and distant from the latter place fifty-seven 
leagues. It was founded about the year fourteen hun- 
dred and forty-five, and formed a part of the Empire of 
Moctezuma I. It was conquered by D. Fernando de 
Tapia, July 25th, 1531, who gave it the appellation of 
Santiago de Queretaro. In the Tarasco idiom — whence 
the name of Queretaro — it signified a place where ball 
was played ; probably not those leaden balls of death, 
which have played so important a part in this century. 

8 



^ 



170 MAXIMILIA?r. 

In the year 1655, it was raised to the rank of a city, 
by King Felipe IV. It contained, a few years ago, 
about fifty thousand inhabitants. Now, half that num- 
ber would be nearer a coiTcct estimate of its population. 
Empty houses are very abundant, as well as many half 
annihilated from the storms of battle. 

During the war with the United States, Mexico held 
its congressional sessions there ; and there executed the 
treaty of Hidalgo, made between those two Govern- 
ments in the year 1848. 

On the arrival of His Majesty in that city, the Quere- 
taro Club offered him their apartments, in the building 
known as the Casino, which had been elegantly fitted 
up by them. It was the most comfortable quarters 
that could have been tendered him. There was ample 
room for him and his staff. He accepted the generous 
oifer. 

On the twenty-fifth of February, the Emperor re- 
ceived a re-enforcement of four thousand men, under 
Gen. Mendez. 

Soon after taking a survey of that city and its sur- 
roundings, the Emperor commenced erecting fortifica- 
tions on El Cerro de las Campanas (the Hill of the 
Bells), which is a little over a mile northwest of the city. 
He was of opinion that that position would be first 
attacked by the enemy. He attended to that work in 
person. He remained there night and day, from the 
sixth of March until the thirteenth. The first three 
nights he slept upon the ground. The fourth day, Gen. 
Mejia arranged an elegant Turkish tent for the Emperor, 
in which he rested the last four nights. It had been 
purchased by Gen. Almonte in Paris, and by him pre- 
sented to Mejia, who tendered it to his Majesty. 

The Emperor wrote the following letter as explan- 
atory of his acts and wishes, in order that erroneous 
views might not be taken relative to his intentions : 



MAXIMILIAN. 171 

, . ^ ^ ^ ^ " QuERETARo, Marcli 2d, 1867. 

" My Dear Minister : 

" As my departure for Queretaro, where I have come 
to i^lace myself at the head of the army recently formed, 
might be folsely interpreted by persons badly disposed, 
in the country as well as out of it ; and as my reasons 
for it ought to be known, in view of the many calum- 
nies which our enemies propagate with so much promp- 
titude upon the conduct of our Government, I am of 
opinion that it is necessary to make some brief observa- 
tions, which may serve as explanations, and also as a 
rule of conduct in the difficult circumstances through 
which we are passing. 

" The programme which I adopted in Orizaba, after 
having heard the frank and loyal opinion of the consul- 
tative bodies of State, has not been changed a particle. 
My prevailing thought continues to be the calling of a 
Congress, which I always thou|-ht to be the only means 
of founding the future on a durable basis, and to form a 
point of cohesion where may be united successively all 
the parties which now cause the ruin of our unfortunate 
country. 

" I have not wished to emit this idea of a Congress 
(which I have always supported since my arrival in this 
country), until there would be a security that the repre- 
sentatives could assemble free from exterior influence. 
During all the time that the French maintained under 
their authority the Central provinces, it was impossible 
to assemble a Congress which could have deliberated 
freely. My trip has hastened the withdrawal of the 
troops of the Intervention, and thus the time has arrived 
when I am able to express myself openly upon the 
thouglit of a constituent Congress. The best proof that 
I was not able to make this resolution before is, the sad 
opposition which I met with in the French authorities, 
when I mentioned it on their departure. 



172 ~ MAXIMILIAN. 

" A Congress elected "by the nation, a real expression 
of the majority, with full powers to work, and a com- 
plete liberty to deliberate, is the only possible means of 
terminating the civil war, and of stopping the effusion of 
blood so prolonged. As Sovereign and Chief, called 
by the nation, I shall submit with pleasure to their will, 
having the most ardent desire to terminate promptly 
this desolating struggle. 

" I have done more, even. I have communicated per- 
sonally with the chiefs who pretend to fight in the name 
of liberty and of the principles of progress, to induce 
them to submit themselves, as I have the intention of 
doing, to the national vote. What has been the result 
of these negotiations ? Those men who invoke progress 
have not wished, or have not dared to accept that judg- 
ment. They have responded to me by ordering loyal 
and distinguished citizens to be executed ; they have re- 
pulsed the fraternal hand which was extended; they 
have worked as blind partisans, who know no other 
means of governing but the sword. 

" Whei-e then is the national will ? Oa the side of 
whom exists the desire of true liberty? Their only 
excuse is in their blindness. 

" It is impossible for us to rely on such men, and our 
duty is to work with the greatest energy to restore the 
liberty of the people, so that they may express volun- 
tarily their will. 

" This is the reason why I have hastened to come here, 
in order to try all means to establish order, peace, and 
to prevent another and more terrible foreign intervention 
in this country. The French bayonets have marched ; 
it is necessary then to impede the action of every in- 
fluence which directly or indirectly might threaten our 
independence and the integrity of our territory. 

"In this moment our country is for sale at public 
auction. 



MAXIMILIAN. 173 

" It is necessary to employ all the means possible to 
free us from a situation so critical, and to place Mexico 
safe from every oppression, come whence it may. 

" In a word, the National Congress will determine 
upon the destinies of Mexico — also upon the institutions 
that it may see proper to establish, which may exceed 
the present form of government; and if this Assem- 
bly cannot be invoked, because we, who wished to call 
it, have succumbed in the struggle, the opinion of the 
world will do us justice at least, and will acknowledge 
that we were the true defenders of the nation, that we 
have never sold the territory of the nation, that we have 
tried to save it from a second and oppressive interven- 
tion, and that we have sincerely used all our efforts 
in order that the principle of national suffrage might 

triumph. 

"Maximilian." 

The foregoing letter is another proof of the Emperor's 
desire to ascertain, and to be governed by, the will of 
the Mexican people. 

Tlie Liberals, under Escobedo, attacked the city of 
Queretaro, on the 14th of March, with a superior force 
of nearly thirty thousand, while that of Maximilian 
numbered less than nine thousand. The Emperor, on 
that day, saw not a moment's rest. He was in the sad- 
dle durino; the en2:a2:ement, ridinoj here and there, where 
danofer was g;reatest, and where observation was most 
needed. He never seemed to think of personal dan- 
ger; the defeat of the enemy was uppermost in his 
mind ; and that was the result of the action, although 
accompanied by a loss on his part of about two hundred 
killed and three hundred wounded. 

After that battle, he moved his quarters into the 
church called La Cruz. The comforts of life he aban- 
doned. In fact, many of his officers had better rooms 



]'74 ]!Haximilia:n". 

and food than lie. His new apartments were a room 
of about twelve feet by eighteen ; and another one 
adjoining for his servant. The furniture that adorned 
his place of rest was composed of a camp-bed, two 
common tables, and six camp-chairs. Most officers of 
the rank of captain would not have considered such 
quarters as suitable even for them, in a city where ele- 
gant apartments could have been obtained by a written 
order from His Majesty. But that position was consid- 
ered the best for observation ; and to be there day and 
night, was viewed by His Majesty as extremely import- 
ant. Inconveniences and the want of present comforts 
were considerations that did not trouble Mm. 

His men saw no evidence that he was not willing to 
share hardships and deprivations equally with them. 
He looked upon it as a joint cause : the salvation of the 
army was his own succ-ess. 

On the 22d of March, General Marquez left Queretaro, 
with orders from the Emperor to march with his thou- 
sand mounted men, selected for that purpose, to the city 
of Mexico, to obtain a re-enforcement of men and procure 
provisions and munitions of war — and to return within 
fifteen days : if there were not men enough to hold the 
city of Mexico, and also increase his force sufficiently 
for the defence of Queretaro, to abandon Mexico, and 
return to the latter city with all the men he could raise. 
Such a concentration of the Imperial forces at Queretaro 
would have saved the Emperor, and probably destroyed 
the army of Escobedo. 

The Emperor conferred upon Marquez the title of 
Lugar Teniente, which is usually translated " Lieuten- 
ant- General^'' but which means something more. Such 
an officer takes the place of the Emperor, with full power 
to act as he sees proper. The Emperor deemed it im- 
portant to place unlimited power in Marquez, in order 
to carry out his plans. It was an unfortunate selection 



MAXIMILIAX. 175 

on the part of His Majesty, of a commander for such a 
duty ; and it has been cited as an instance of his erring- 
judgment as to human nature. Whether the Emperor 
did honor Marquez with the above-mentioned title, has 
been seriously doubted. When the latter arrived in the 
city of Mexico, he exhibited his authority to act in that 
capacity ; but the question as to its genuineness was 
raised in the minds of many. I was informed of the 
fact of the appointment by His Majesty's secretary, who 
said he himself drafted the order empowering Marquez 
thus to act. And as I suggested to him the importance 
of knowing the truth, I cannot have any suspicions of 
the authenticity of Marquez' s title of Lugar Teniente. 
The latter evidently abused his power — acted far beyond 
what justice and honor would dictate, and much to the 
regret of and injury to Maximilian. 

On the 27th of March the Emperor attacked the en- 
emy, captured two pieces of artillery, and nearly two 
hundred prisoners. He was on the tield in person, urg- 
inc' on his men with o-reat enthusiasm. Where the balls 
fell the thickest, there he was found doing duty. Plis 
loss was quite small. 

Marquez did not obey orders. After reaching Mexico, 
and increasing his forces to four thousand, eight hundred 
of which were European soldiers, he advanced slowly on 
Diaz, wdio was besieging Puebla. That city w^as then 
held by about three thousand Imperial troops. Diaz had 
nearly fifteen thousand men. 

It was the hope of Marquez that Diaz would sally out 
and open an engagement with him, which would have 
relieved the Imperial force within Puebla. General Diaz 
was short of the munitions of war, and he viewed an 
attack by him upon Marquez as extremely hazardous. 
He also considered inaction on his part equally danger- 
ous. He therefore saw no probable chance for success 
but in an attempt to storm the city of Puebla, which he 



176 MAXIMILIAX, 

did on the second of April, in the morning^ early, with a 
force of eight thousand. He was soon in possession of 
the city, although meeting with a considerable loss on 
his part. 

Some of the prisoners whicli he there captured were 
wheeled into his own ranks ; and he hurriedly prepared 
to follow Marquez. On the fourth of April he sent out 
three thousand cavalry imder General Toro, who met 
Marquez on the sixth, at the Hacienda de San Dieg^o de 
IsTotario, about fifteen miles from Apizaco. General 
Toro formed for battle on a not very advantageous 
ground, the place being surrounded nearly by ravines. 
He brouo'ht on an eno-ag^ement with ill success. The 
first charge of Marquez sent his men flying in confusion, 
who were only saved by the force of General Leva, who 
attacked the left flank of Marquez. 

The Liberals drew ofl" and re-formed within three 
or four hours thereafter. Marquez retreated toward 
Apizaco. 

At half-past three he was discovered moving on the 
left flank of the enemy, and in half an hour he was in 
front disputing his passage. 

General Leva formed three thousand cavalry in line 
of battle, himself commanding on the right. His centre 
rested on a hill. His cavalry were ordered to dismount. 
Marquez charged up the hill, and the Lil)erals fell back 
seven leagues to Piedi^a Negra, where they rested all 
night. 

The next day, Diaz having amved, went out with his 
full force of over twelve thousand men near Apam, 
formed in line of battle, and advanced in that form five 
leagues. 

On the eighth, at four and a half o'clock, he halted. 
His cavalry horses were then double-mounted, by pla- 
cing one of the infantry behind each horseman. Six thou- 
sand men thus mounted advanced on a walk, as the roads 



MAXIMILIAN. 177 

were wet and bad. Light mountain-pieces were mounted 
on mules. At six o'clock, in sight of San Lorenzo, Diaz 
formed in line of battle ; and with four pieces of artil- 
lery he pushed on rapidly to engage the enemy's right 
flank, Diaz carried the position. Pie formed a line of 
battle around the Hacienda of San Lorenzo, and gave 
orders for the men to be ready at half-past four the next 
morning, — thinking that the enemy could not get away 
in the night, and that the following day would be a vic- 
torious one for him. The morrow came and found Mar- 
quez and his force absent and out of sight. Diaz fol- 
lowed on with cavalry at a gallop. Marquez came to a 
broken bridge, and not having sufficient time to repair 
it, ran his artillery into the ravine, and there abandoned 
it. He had placed his European troops in the rear, and 
the cavalry of Diaz never but once approached within 
l)istol-shot of them. The foreign soldiers retreated in 
excellent order, losing but a few killed, and a few who 
were taken prisoners from weakness and sickness, which 
prevented their keeping up with the command. Mar- 
quez, however, with a small escort, soon deserted his 
men, and went flying back to the Capital like a cow^ard. 
There was a narrow passage in the road where he could 
have held the enemy in check, but his cowardice would 
not permit the attempt. He afterward assumed com- 
mand in the Capital, where he remained until that 
city also fell into the hands of the Liberals. His 
force followed after him, reaching the city a few days 
later. 

Marquez considered it of the utmost importance to 
hold the large and opulent city of Puebla, if possible ; 
but his force was inadecjuate to make an attack upon 
Diaz. If Diaz had had sufficient ammunition (his want 
of which was unknown to Marquez), he could have en- 
gaged Marquez, and considering his men equal, the prob- 
ability w'as, he could have conquered ; while at the same 

8* 



178 MAXIMILIAN?-. 

time his remaining forces would have been able to sup- 
port and hold good the siege of Puebla. 

I apprehend the soldier may question Marquez's wis- 
dom, under the circumstances, in disobeying the order 
of the Emperor. 

On the 14th of April, the Emperor's forces in Queretaro, 
numbering but little over six thousand, made a sortie, 
took nineteen guns and six hundred prisoners, with a 
loss of a very small number. At that battle, the Em- 
peror was also at the post of danger. 

This action produced great havoc and consternation 
among the enemy. He was routed at all points. The 
opportune arrival of General Trevina, with a cavalry re- 
enforcement of five thousand, prevented a general rout 
of the enemy. In order to prevent a complete stampede 
of the Liberals, the force under General Trevina was 
employed in surrounding the scattered regiments, that 
hardly knew which way to go, or where or when to 
stop. 

It is difficult to say what force the Liberals had in that 
action. It has been estimated from seventeen to thirty 
thousand. They made no morning or monthly reports 
of their number. 

Even with this re-enforcement, the Liberals felt no in- 
clination to renew the engagement ; but were content 
to exercise their ingenuity and skill in checking, in some 
degree, the wild fury and the escape of a completely 
disorganized army. 

On the morning of that day, before the attack, every-, 
thing was in readiness for a final departure from that 
city, with all the Imperial forces. But on reviewing 
that brilliant victory, His Majesty saw that he enjoyed 
a more signal triumph than he or his officers had antici- 
pated, — far greater than they belicA^ed possible, when 
they considered the numerical superiority of their ad- 
versaries. 



MAXIMILIAN. 179 

His Majesty, flashed and animated with the victory 
his daring blow had produced, reconsidered his opinion 
of the morning, and resolved to remain longer in that 
cit}^, and save its inhabitants from what they believed 
to be a plundering and sacking party. The number of 
foreigners in the Emperor's service there did not num- 
ber over two hundred, all told. But his men w^ere 
better officered and better drilled than the 02:)posing 
army. 

As General Marquez had not made his reappearance 
in Queretaro, according to the Emperor's positive in- 
structions, and more than ten days had elapsed since his 
contemplated arrival, the Emperor was quite uneasy, 
and harbored grave misgivings as to the real intent of 
Marquez. Consequently, with a view of ascertaining 
the true condition of the Capital and the movements of 
Marquez, His Majesty, on the IVth of April, issued or- 
ders to Prince Salm Salm, requiring him to leave for 
Mexico, in pursuit of Marquez, and to obtain full infor- 
mation as to the situation of affairs ; to tell Marquez, in 
the name of the Emperor, to bring all of his forces 
forthwith to Queretaro, and, if necessary, to give up the 
Capital : and that if Marquez should refuse to comply with 
these commands, then the Prince's order was to arrest 
him, and to hasten back to Queretaro with him and the 
cavalry, particularly with the Hussars. At twelve 
o'clock that night, the Prince, with five hundred men, 
sallied out, and advanced about one half of a league, 
when he was attacked, and wounded by a shot in 
his left foot, though not seriously. His intention was 
to take the Cerro Gordo road. But on examining 
the position and number of the enemy, from whom he 
was receiving a heavy fire, near the Campana, from ar- 
tillery and cavalry, he saw that it was impossible to 
break his lines, and therefore returned into the city, 
without making another attempt. The enemy was so 



1 so jfAXIIHILTAX. 

strong, that «i sortie, with a small nnmber of men, was 
but a waste of force, material, and time. 

The Imperialists made an unsuccessful attack on the 
1st of May, retreating with a small loss. It was said 
that the blame Avas due to Miramon. Their number did 
not exceed five thousand, while the Liberals were twenty- 
five thousand strong. 

Immediately after a battle, the Emperor would visit 
the hospitals in person, seeing every sick and w^ounded 
man, inquiring of him how he felt, how he was treated, and, 
as he parted, a kind word of hope fell from his lips. This 
visit was daily made for several days following a battle, 
and never more than three or four days passed without 
his visiting them. He gave each widow of his deceased 
soldiers, who was there to receive it, ten dollai's out of 
his private funds, as long as they lasted. He also paid 
visits to the prisoners, not passing one without speaking 
to him. 

He was not unmindful of those who had rendered him 
important service. Mr. Edwin R. Wells, from Texas, 
formerly from ISTew York, who had paid some attention 
to medicine and surgery, though not a physician, 
made himself exceedingly useful in the hospitals. He 
received some poisonous matter in his finger, and came 
near losing his hand while thus employed. His 
Majesty did not forget him. On the 2 2d of March he 
bestowed upon him a gold medal of the Order of 
Guadalupe. 

The Emperor kept no carriage in Queretaro. He rode 
on horseback. Frequently he would go on foot to visit 
the difierent posts. Many mornings he was observed 
returning on foot, between six and seven o'clock, having, 
at that early hour, visited all the outposts. He super- 
intended the placing of nearly all of the batteries, sighted 
the guns, and saw that all the requisite work was done. 
He wore a broad-brimmed Mexican white hat, high mili- 



MAXIMILIAN. 181 

tary boots, and a white blouse, generally, in going tlie 
rounds. 

He retired and rose early. He took exercise eA^ery 
day. If he deemed it unnecessary to visit in person the 
ditterent batteries e"\'ery morning, he walked at sunrise 
one hour in the square in front of the church La Cruz. 
He likewise performed the same exercise at sunset, in 
the same location. Usually, on those daily walks, he was 
attended by his secretary, or one of his aid-de-camps. 
When thus promenading he was not unfrequently ac- 
costed by some one who had some complaint to make, 
or some favor to solicit. Were they rich or poor, high 
or low, he never turned a deaf ear, but most patiently 
listened, and clothed his answers in kind words. In 
order that the matter should not be forgotten, he would 
order his secretary or aid-de-camp to enter the matter 
in a memoradum-book. He never failed to examine 
the complaints and requests, giving them due consid- 
eration. 

Whoever desired an audience with him could obtain 
it, when he was not otherwise occupied. When saluted, 
he bowed, however humble the individual whence came 
the salutation. His disposition was such, that mildness 
and gentleness were his natural elements. 

AVhatever lofty ideas of Imperial prerogative he may 
have imbibed, in unison with other sovereign heads, a 
violation of the right of petition could hardly be im- 
puted to him. The sincerity of his professions and 
declarations was among his shining qualities. One was 
more inclined to look upon him as a President than an 
Emperor. 

The tower on La Cruz church was His Majesty's ob- 
servatory, until it became too dangerous. Near the 
close of the siege, General Escobedo's guns were nearly 
opposite, scarcely a mile distant, and, in fact, some were 
Avithin six hundred yards. General Escobedo having 



1^2 MAXnOLTAN-. 

ascertained that the tower was the point of observation, 
did not fail to have guns bearing directly upon it con- 
tinually. No person could place himself within that 
tower without being immediately discerned through the 
spyglass of Escobedo. On one occasion the Emperor 
and five of his officers were in the tower, making close 
observations ; suddenly there came a shell, which fell in 
their midst, bursting, and, most miraculously, killing no 
one, but wounding very slightly one of the officers. 
After that it was walled up, and no more views taken 
therefrom. 

About the 1st of May, it was quite apparent that 
great suffering among the poor was near at hand on ac- 
count of the scarcity of edibles. His Majesty therefore 
issued an order that persons who had large stocks of 
provisions should sell them at reasonable rates, so that 
they would be within the reach of the poorer classes. 
The order contained the prices wdiich s})ecified articles 
should not exceed. 

After that date the army learned the flavor of horse 
and mule meat. Whether the latter was as refractory 
in mastication as it generally is in the harness, is a sub- 
ject upon which I received no information. 

Had the name been unknown to them, doubtless a fat 
horse-steak would have been more palatable than poor 
beef. About the tenth of the month, the citizens were 
reminded of the fact, that they would be no longer the 
recipients of animal food, unless they too could relish 
the viands taken from the flesh of the same class of four- 
footed beasts. The Emperor fared no more sumptuous- 
ly than the rest. He was favored with the same elegant 
and rare dishes. Every action and move he made there 
proved him to be quite as democratic as any one who 
was nursed in republicanism. 

Both the political and military condition of the Em- 
pire had attained that state in which everything was 



MAXIMILIAX. 183 

viewed tliroiigli tlie greatest doubt ; rjid as Maximilian 
■\vas in the field in person, there Avas no certainty among 
llie chances of war that he might not some day, not far 
distant, be found among the fallen. He deemed it re- 
quisite to be prepared to meet such em.ergencies as w^ere 
within the range of possibilities. He, therefore, on the 
11th of April, created a Regency, by a decree to take 
eifect in case of his death. That decree is in the follow- 
ing words : 

^' Maximiliaji, Em2')ero7', Considering that if Our 
death should happen, the Government of the Empire 
w^ould be without a head, on account of the absence 
of its Regent, Our august spouse, the Empress Car- 
lota : 

" Considering that, in order to obviate such a misfor- 
tune, and to procure on Our part the well-being of the 
jMexican nation, even after Our death, it is indispensable 
to leave a Government which the nation may recognize 
as the head of the Union : 

" Considering that, in the mean while, if this nation,, 
through the means of its Congress, freely convoked and 
assembled, should not declare the form of government 
Avhich it will adopt, the present one wdll exist — which is 
the monarchy; and therefore, in case of Our non-ex- 
istence, the government ought to be deposited in a 
Regency : 

" We decree : 

"Art. 1. In case of Our death, D. Teodosio Lares,. 
D. Jose M. Lacunza, and General D. Leonardo Marquez, 
will be the Regents of the Empire. 

" Art. 2. The Regency will govern in subjection to 
the Organic Statute of the Empire. 

" Art. 3. The Regency w^ill call a Congress, wdiich 
must definitely establish the nation, as soon as the war 
may be determined either by arms or armistice. The 



184 ilAXIMILIAX. 

free and legitimate election and meeting of that con- 
stituent body shall take place. 

"Art. 4. After the instalment of Congress, the Re- 
gency will cease, terminating, with that act, the power 
which We confer upon it by this decree. 

" Our Minister of Public Instruction and Worship is 
charged to make known this decree to the Regents 
whom We have appointed, in case of Our death. 

"Given in Queretaro, May 11th, 1867." 

On the morning of the 13th, preparations were going 
on for a final departure that night, but as the three 
thousand citizens who were to have been armed, had not 
that day received their implements of warfare, the move- 
ment was postponed. The following morning, General 
Miramon consulted the Emperor as to the propriety of 
leaving that night. Their views coincided in favor there- 
of, but the latter desired first to hold a council of gen- 
erals and to discuss the mode of procedure. The council 
having assembled, discussed the matter, and decided to 
leave that night at eleven o'clock. General Miramon, 
accordingly, notified the chiefs of the different corps to 
appear at his quarters, which was done ; whereupon he 
advised them of the intended departure. He also noti- 
fied Colonel Gonzalez, commander of the Regiment of 
the Empress, that that regiment had been detailed as a 
special escort to the Emperor. 

About the time for the move, on the night of the 14th, 
it appeared that only twelve hundred of the new volun- 
teers had received their arms ; in consequence of which, 
some of the generals were in favor of another delay. 
And besides. General Mendez had sent Colonel Redonet 
with a petition to the Emperor, asking a delay for an- 
other day, saying that he was quite unwell, and that he 
wished to command in person his old brigade, in Avhicli 
he had great confidence; and that if His Majesty would 



maximiltajS". 185 

niuke the concession, he, Menclez, would be responsi- 
ble for a safe exit. In view of the fore2:oinfy facts, the 
Emperor called Generals Miramon and Castillo for an- 
other council, when it was determined to positively leave 
the next night at tAvelve o'clock. General Miramon 
notified the chief officers to remain quiet until further 
orders. 

The west side of the city, where the forces of General 
Corona were stationed, was considered the best point on 
which to centre the whole body of men in making the 
sortie. 

At the Imperial headquarters, staff department, or- 
ders were issued by General Castillo, secretly and ver- 
bally, to the various officers of the army to be ready for 
action at the time designated. 'No fires were to be 
lighted, and strict silence was to prevail. 

The infantry were to carry nothing but their blankets 
and tin pots. All of the cannon on the fortress of the 
Campana were to be spiked, and the magazines to be 
flooded. The light mountain-pieces of eight and ten 
pounders were to be dismounted and packed on mules, 
together with light supplies of grape and canister. 

The men were ordered not to burden themselves with 
anything not actually necessary, or that might be disad- 
vantageous in a forced march, which it was anticipated 
they would be compelled to make through the defiles 
and mountain gorges of the Sierra Gorda. That route, 
with light accoutrements, would have defied the rapid 
pursuit of the enemy. 

General Mejia had armed twelve hundred citizens of 
Queretaro, who were ordered to remain behind to pro- 
tect the city and to keep order. They were further or- 
dered to surrender to General Escobedo at discretion, at 
any time they should think proper, provided they first 
allowed twenty-four hours to pass after the evacuation. 

Complete orders having been issued, and all arrange- 



18P> MAXIMILIAN. 

nients having been made in accordance with the pro- 
jected plan, the Emperor retired. His accustomed hour 
was eight o'clock, but the business of that eventful 
night extended his hour of slumber until a quarter past 
one o'clock. 

Prince Salm Salm was working until after twelve 
o'clock that night, arranging the Emperor's archives, 
after having packed them the day before into small can- 
vas sacks, ready to be strapped to the escort saddles. 

Many of the men occupied a short time in writing to 
their relatives, saying a parting word to their families 
and friends. As lights were prohibited, they assisted 
each other by smoking cigarettes close to the paper. 
One would puff his exhilarating weed, while another 
would scribble a few words by the glimmer thereof. 

Between one and two o'clock, the traitor, Colonel Lo- 
pez, who had previously j^lotted with the enemy to be- 
tray his own party, silently crept out of his quarters, 
and threaded his Vv^ay through the dark and narrow 
streets of the city, in j)ursuit of General Escobedo. He 
first met Colonel Garza, w^ho was in command of the 
advance guard of the enem.y. Garza took Lopez to 
General Veliz ; the latter and Lopez went to see Esco- 
bedo : after which interview the two returned to meet 
Garza. General Veliz ordered Colonel Garza to take 
his command and follow Lopez, who guided him to a 
hole in the wall near the church called La Cruz. Gen- 
eral Veliz himself proceeded to this opening in the wall, 
and there remained for a while ; at wdiich time he or- 
dered Colonel Garza to proceed further under the gui- 
dance of Lopez. The latter was the officer of the day. 
On arriving at the nearest station of the Imperial 
troops, Garza's command halted. Lopez asked an Im- 
perial officer if there were any news ; to which the lat- 
ter replied, none. Lopez then ordered the Imperial offi- 
cers at that post to be paraded, and that the roll be 



MAXIMILIAN. 187 

called. That was done, tlie officers standing up in a 
line. Lopez then ordered the command to be formed 
and marched to the rear of Garza's forces, leaving 
Garza in possession of that j^ost. Lopez immediately 
escorted other Liberal officers to the different posts un- 
der his command, in order that the same plan should be 
executed, until the enemy had possessed themselves of 
all the points within the control of Lopez. 

When the Liberal forces entered the city, quite a num- 
ber of the Imperial officers were awake, with the ex- 
citement of the expected engagement, and were cleaning 
their arms and making preparations for their contem- 
plated departure. As they saw Col. Kincon's regiment 
pass their bivouacks, they supposed it was a part of their 
own forces moving toward the Casa Blanca, for some 
reason unknown to them, before the designated time. 
It being in the darkness of the night, and the dress of 
the two armies being so near alike, it was quite diffi- 
cult to distinguish the one from the other. 

By half-past three o'clock, nearly one half of the 
city was in the almost noiseless possession of the 
Liberals. Soon thereafter nearly all of the church 
bells commenced, almost simultaneously, to ring with 
great force. The Imperialists were much confused. 
Many of them were of opinion that Marquez had arrived 
from the city of Mexico, attacked and defeated Escobedo : 
hence the great rejoicing. What a sad deception ! 

Commander Yablonski, an adjutant of Lopez, was in 
the treasonable plot with him ; but he did not wish any 
harm to fall upon the Emperor. He went to the room 
of Don Jose Blasio, Secretary of His Majesty, which 
was in the convent of La Cruz, and near that of His 
Majesty, and awoke him, and said, "The enemy are in 
the garden ; get up !" Blasio immediately dressed him- 
self, went to the room of the Emj^eror, called him, and 
informed him of the condition of affairs. He then noti- 



188 . MAXIMILIA2^~. 

fied Gen. Castillo and Col. Guzman, who roomed to- 
gether ; also Prince Salm Salm and Col. Pradillo, — all of 
whom were in that convent and came to the Emperor's 
room. Colonel Pradillo informed the Emperor that the 
enemy occupied that convent, and had taken eight or 
ten pieces of artillery in the plaza of La Cruz ; and that 
it would be useless to attempt to defend it. The Em- 
peror gave Col. Pradillo one of his pistols, and holding 
another in his hand, went to the door, followed by Pra- 
dillo, Prince Salm Salm, and Blasio, and then said, 
"To go out here or to die is the only way." They 
ci'ossed the corridor, and on the stairs met a sentinel, 
who ordered them to go back ; but an officer of the 
Liberals, said to be Colonel Rincon, saw them, and said 
to the sentinel, " Let them pass, they are citizens." As 
the Emperor and party advanced a little further into the 
plaza, they were met by a party of Liberal soldiers, who 
were about to stop them, when Colonel Rincon came up, 
and said to the soldiers, " Let them pass, they are civil- 
ians !" They then hurried on to the quarters of the 
" Regiment of the Empress," which were the Emperor's 
escort, and ordered them to prepare and mount, and to 
advance with all speed to El Cerro de las Campanas. 
In the mean time the Emperor said to Colonel Pradillo, 
that it would be more convenient for him, the Emperor, 
to have his horse. Pradillo then went for it. The Em- 
peror, Prince Salm Salm, and Blasio immediately pro- 
ceeded to the Departmental palace, where Pradillo soon 
met them with the Emperor's horse. General Castillo 
had just met them also, when Lopez came riding up to 
them, of whom His Majesty asked what was going on. 
He replied, "All is lost. See, your Majesty, the enemy's 
force is coming very near !" Just then a body of in- 
fantry were entering the plaza, which the Emperor 
thought were of his own army; and he exclaimed, 
" Thank God, our battalion of Municipal Guards are 



MAXIMILIAN. 189 

One of his officers advanced toward them, 
and ascertahied that they were a part of the enemy, and 
returned to notify the Emperor, who, with his little party, 
started again ; and when near the house of Senor Ilubio, 
Lopez said to the Emperor, " Your Majesty ought to 
enter this house or some other, as it is the only w^ay to 
save yourself." The Emperor refused to do so, and was 
determined to go to the hill (El Cerro), as first contem- 
plated. In front of the Casino, they met Capt. Jarero, 
Adjutant of Gen. Castillo, whom the Emperor ordered 
to notify Gen. Miramon to bring all the force lie i-ould 
gather to El Cerro de las Campanas. The Emperor was 
implored by Lopez to mount the horse that was saddled ; 
but his Majesty refused to accept of that comfort, so 
long as Gen. Castillo and his other surrounding friends 
had no horses to ride in his company. They all pro- 
ceeded on foot to El Cerro. When they reached that 
position, they found about 150 men of their forces there. 
Soon the Regiment of the Empress reached them. His 
Majesty was anxiously waiting the arrival of General 
Miramon, and frequently remarked, " See if he cannot 
be distino-uished in the crowd that is comins;." General 
Mejia had rallied a few men in the plaza del Ayunta- 
miento, and rushed on to El Cerro. 

General Mendez was surprised in the Alameda, and 
surrounded. He ojoened fire on the enemy, which was 
returned. His men were cut down rapidly ; but he tried, 
notwithstanding the havoc made among his men, to rally 
them, with a view of cutting his way through the enemy's 
lines to the convent of La Cruz, to save the Emperoi*. 
The enemy's force met him on another point, and being 
between two fires, his men falling rajjidly, he surren- 
dered at half-past five. He w^as shot the next day at 
six in the morning. 

General Miramon, awakened by the ringing of the 
bells, rushed down, with an aid-de-camp, into the street, 



190 MAXlMILIAJf. 

was surrounded by soldiers whom he took to be his own 
men, and told them that he was General Miramon. An 
officer on horseback fired at him, and he received the 
ball in his cheek. He returned the shot, and a running 
light ensued along the street. Finally, he saw a door 
ajar ; he entered the house, which he learned was that of 
Dr. Samaniegos, who hid him, as he was weak from loss 
of blood. The owner of the house rushed into the 
street, met a j^arty of Liberals, and informed them that 
he had captured Miramon. After the Liberal force had 
discovered him, they tied him, dragged him away, and 
placed him in the convent of Terrecitas. 

For nearly half an hour after the arrival of the Em- 
l^eror and his small force at El Cerro de las Campanas, 
a fire from two different batteries of the Liberals, that 
of San Gregorio and the one at the garita of Celaya, 
poured their shot in that direction. 

The Emperor, considerably excited, exclaimed in Ger- 
man to Prince Salm Salm, " Oh, Salm, how much would 
I give now for a friendly shell I" wishing that one might 
end his life. 

When Colonel Gonzales reported the arrival of his 
regiment to the Emperor, and that Miramon was wounded, 
the Emperor took Castillo and Mejia one side, and asked 
them if it were possible to break the lines of the enemy. 
Mejia took his glass and surveyed quite accurately the 
position of the enemy, and then replied to His Majesty, 
" Sire, it is impossible ; but if Your Majesty orders it, we 
will try it : for my part, I am ready to die." His Ma- 
jesty immediately took Colonel Pradillo by the arm, 
and said, " It is necessary to make a quick determination, 
in order to avoid greater misfortunes." He then put up 
a white flag on the fort on the hill, and ordered Colonel 
Pradillo and Ramirez to go and have an interview with 
General Escobedo upon the following basis : " First, 
that if he wished another victim, he could take him, 



MAXIMILIAN. 191 

the Emperor; Second, that he wished that the men of 
his army should be treated with all the consideration 
that their loyalty and valor merited ; and, Third, that 
he and the men of his personal services should not be 
molested in any manner." 

The Emj^eror saw in the distance a small squadron of 
soldiers dressed in scarlet, riding at a rapid speed toward 
the Campanas ; and as he descried them, he exclaimed, 
with tears in his eyes, "See! see! my brave hussars! 
How fearful a risk they run, exposed to the full fire of 
the enemy's batteries ! Who would not be proud of 
being their chief?" But, alas! what a terrible disap- 
pointment ! He soon learned that they were a part of 
General Treviiia's cavalry, of the Liberal army. The 
firing soon ceased. A squad of cavalry rode up, and an 
officer among them asked where the Emperor was, using 
at the same time a vulgar epithet. His Majesty stepped 
outside of the fortiftcation, and said, " I am he." The offi- 
cer declared that Mendez had been taken, and demanded 
that the Emperor should deliver up himself and all his 
officers as prisoners. The Emperor consented, and was 
taken prisoner by General Echegary, and said to him : 
" If you should require anybody's life, take mine, but do 
not harm my officers. I am willing to die, if you should 
require it, but intercede Avith General Escobedo for the 
life of my officers." Soon General Corona appeared, to 
whom the Emperor said, " If you wish another victim, 
here he is," meaning himself. General Corona replied 
that it did not belong to him to treat upon that question; 
that until he could deliver him to the general-in-chief, 
his person and the generals around him would be safe. 

The Emperor had on his overcoat when taken. He 
opened it to show^ his uniform and rank. He, Generals 
Castillo and Mejia, and Prince Salm Salm, accompanied 
by General Echegary (Liberal), mounted horses, which 
were furnished them by the Liberals, and rode down 



192 MAXIMILIAN. 

the hill several hundred yards, where they met General 
Escobedo, with whom they returned on to the hill, and 
into the fort, where they dismounted. Plis Majesty, 
General Escobedo, and two of his officers, and Prince 
Salm Salm entered a tent. The Emperor shook hands 
with Escobedo, and said to him : " If you wish more 
blood, take mine ; and I ask that the officers, who have 
been true to me, be well treated, and that I may not be 
insulted by your officers or men." Escobedo replied 
that the Emperor should be treated like a prisoner of 
war, and that he should not be insulted. Shortly after 
that, Escobedo delivered the Emperor, Generals Mejia 
and Castillo, and Prince Salm Salm into the hands of 
General Riva Palacio, who conducted them to La Cruz 
Convent, passing around the city by Casa Blanca, 
through the Alameda, thence through the ruined part of 
the city to the convent. 

The Emperor was placed in the same room which he 
had previously occupied in the Convent of La Cruz. 
That day he requested General Escobedo to permit the 
officers of his house to remain in the same convent, 
which was granted. Those officers were Prince Salm 
Salm, Colonel Guzman, the Minister Aguirre, Colonel 
Pradillo, Doctor Basch, and Don Jose Blasio, secretary. 
They remained four days there ; three of which His 
Majesty was sick with the dysentery. The fifth day 
they were removed into the Convent of Terrecitas, which 
place they occupied seven days ; thence were taken to 
the Convent of Capuchinas, where were also imprisoned 
all the generals of the Imperial army. They all occu- 
pied the first floor until the third or fourth day, when 
the Emperor and Generals Miramon and Mejia were 
placed in the second story, Avhere they remained until 
their execution. 

His Majesty lost everything the day the city was 
taken, except the clothes he had on. 



MAXIMILIAN. 193 

No form of speech could express His Majesty's aston- 
ishment at the acts of Colonel Lopez. A man in whom 
he had placed the utmost confidence, whom he had 
treated like a brother, as it were, stabbed him in the 
dark. And it would hardly be considered an error in 
judgment, in placing entire and confident reliance on 
the fidelity of the man whose interests, he supposed, 
were united with his, in asserting and maintaining a 
cause and rights common to both. His Majesty was 
the godfather to Lopez's child. He laid his heart and 
cause open to Lopez, with all the confidence of a child 
in its mother ; and in consequence thereof lost his life. 
Had the Imperial party not been betrayed, they would 
have undoubtedly broken through the enemy's line, and 
made their way down to Vera Cruz. 

Lopez is equally despised by both parties in Mexico ; 
yet he has the efi*rontery to attempt to write himself 
innocent, by filling one or two journals with his evi- 
dence, which, closely scanned, proves him guilty. He 
ought to hide his face in shame, from the view of heaven 
and earth. He has at last succeeded in obtaining a few 
of the Liberals to assist him, while the others, who were 
eye-witnesses to his work of betrayal, stand back and 
laugh. 

The Emj^eror had often gallantly steered his bark 
upon the sea-waves ; but he had never been baffled by. 
the waves of duplicity before ; they were too strong for 
him ; they washed him from the deck, and stranded his 
ship of state ; and the Mexican eagle sprang from the 
Imperial and lighted upon the Republican banner, save 
at the Capital of the nation, where for a short period 
thereafter. Imperialism held sway through the cowardly 
oppressor, Marquez, who was as little friendly to his 
Sovereign as he was to his oj^en foe. 

But few sovereigns ever found themselves so com- 
pletely surrounded by bad faith and treachery. And 

9 



194 MAXIMIMAN. 

tlie ruler who shall stand at the head of that nation, 
whence fell Maximilian, and succeed in preserving fidel- 
ity and attachment to his administration, for any con- 
siderable length of time, will have exhibited greater 
skill in the art of government than has been the fortune 
of any preceding one to manifest. Let us hope, for the 
sake of humanity, that in the future the banner of peace 
may spread its ample folds all over the broad lands of 
Moctezuma. 

Imprisonment, and even death, were insufficient for 
the gallant and ill-fated Emperor, in the estimation of 
his enemies. They must endeavor to tarnish his honor 
by the breath of falsehood. Hate was so engendered in 
them, that it was bound to show itself in every conceiv- 
able form. It came from the depths of their hearts to 
their mouths like the bubbles that rise up from the bot- 
tom of the seething kettle to its surface. All kinds of 
foolish statements have been circulated as coming from 
the Emperor's lips. Such a course of revenge only 
springs from those who, by mistake of the authorities, 
have not worn the halter — contemptible and cowardly 
hearts who never remember that true honor strikes not 
a fallen foe. 

Not long after the imprisonment of His Majesty, an 
article purporting to be a proclamation from him to the 
inhabitants of Mexico, was circulated in every newspa- 
per within the territory of Mexico, but which bears no 
date. Some of its circulating mediums had the efirontery 
to guarantee its authenticity. 

No writing of a public character was issued by His 
Majesty after his capture. That false proclamation is in 
the following words : 

" The Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian of Hapsburg, 
ex-Emperor of Mexico, to all its inhabitants : 



maximilian". 195 

" Compatriots : 

" After the valor and the patriotism of the Kepubli- 
can armies have brought about the end of my reign in 
this city, the obstinate defence of which was indispensa- 
ble to save the honor of my cause and of my race ; after 
this bloody siege, in which have rivalled in abnegation 
and bravery the soldiers of the Empire with those of 
the Republic, I am going to explain myself to you. 

" Compatriots : I came to Mexico animated not only 
with a firm hope of making you, and every one of you, 
individually happy, but also protected and called to 
the throne of Moctezuma and Iturbide by the Emperor 
of France, Napoleon III. He has abandoned me cow- 
ardly and infamously, through fear of the United States, 
placing in ridicule France itself, and making it spend 
uselessly its treasures, and shedding the blood of its 
sons and your own. When the news of my fall and 
death will reach Europe, all its monarchs, and the land 
of Charlemagne, will ask an account of my blood and 
that of the Germans, Belgians, and French, shed in 
Mexico, from the Napoleon dynasty. Then will be 
the end 

" The whole world will soon see Napoleon covered 
with shame from head to foot. 

" Now the world sees H. M. the Emperor of Austria, 
my august brother, supplicating for my life before the 
United States, and me a prisoner of war at the disposi- 
tion of the Republican government, with my crown and 
heart torn to pieces. 

" Compatriots : My last words to you are these : I 
ardently desire that my blood may regenerate Mexico ; 
and that as a warning to all ambitious and incautious 
persons, you may know how, with prudence and true 
patriotism, to take advantage of your triumj^h, and 
through your virtues ennoble the political cause, the 



196 MAXIMILIAN", 

banner of which you sustain. May Providence save 

you, and make me worthy of myself 

" Maximilian." 

It is quite clear, from the reading of the foregoing 
pretended proclamation, that the feeling that prevailed 
in the mind of its author was based upon a deep-rooted 
hatred, and void of that magnanimity which flows from 
a brave and noble-minded conqueror. 

On the 20th of May, the Emperor was permitted to 
visit General Escobedo. He went accompanied by 
Prince Salm Salm and wife. He empowered the Prince 
to treat with General Escobedo ; and in order that the 
latter might show his authority thus to act, the follow- 
ing written power was executed by the Emperor : 

"I authorize Colonel and Aid-de-camp Prince Salm 
Salm to treat with General Escobedo, and I acknowledge 
the acts done by him as done in my name. 

" Maximilian-." 

Prince Salm Salm, accordingly, wrote down certain 
propositions which were presented to, and rejected by. 
General Escobedo. One of the main ones was, that the 
Emperor, if permitted to leave Mexico, would never re- 
turn to it again. 



CHAPTER XII. 

Convent— Prison of Maximilian— Author's visit and conversation with Maxi- 
milian—Arrival of lawyers from the city of Mexico— Foreigners ordered to 
leave Queretaro. 

THE convent of the Capuchinas, in Queretaro, is an 
ancient, spacious building, all over which the hand 
of Time has drawn its dingy strokes ; and as you gaze 
at its exterior, observing its dimensions, its domes, its 
statuary, and carvings, you are reminded that the pile 
of silver and gold that reared that massive temple, could 
be enclosed in no small compass. 

Year after year, mite after mite, was contributed by 
rich and poor, to raise its lofty dome toward the heav- 
ens ; beneath which, the ever faithful daily gathered to 
offer up, on bended knee, thanks to our Maker for the 
many blessings they had received. Those who gave 
their mite, those who laid stone upon stone, ujDward, 
upward rising in the sky, little thought that they were 
walling in their descendants for sustaining political 
opinions honestly formed, and conscientiously advo- 
cated. They never dreamed that they were erecting 
warriors' abode, a depository for bristling bayonets, pol- 
ished swords, powder and balls ; — where the bugle, the 
fife, and drum were to summon the inmates to service ; 
where the armed sentinel paces to and fro, with a meas- 
ured tread. Those workmen reared that costly structure 
for a house of Peace ; where the multitude, armed with 
the word of God only, were to be taught, " Vengeance 
is mine, saith the Lord." 

As you approached the door of that temple, after the 
taking of Queretaro by the Liberals, you observed two 



198 MAXIMILIA2C. 

sentinels at the door, armed with muskets and fixed 
bayonets. If you passed there in the day-time, they 
said not a word ; but if darkness had overspread its folds, 
you heard at a distance of fifty yards therefrom, " Quien 
Viva .^" (" Who comes there ?") You then answered, 
'''• Lihertad^'' or '''' Aiinigo!''' ("Liberty," or "Friend.") 
If you wished to enter there, to visit His Majesty, you 
first reach a not spacious room ; then, turning to the left 
into another of like dimensions, and going straight ahead 
in the same direction as you first entered, a distance of 
about twenty feet, you there meet two other sentinels ; 
passing still onward into the court to the stairway, two 
more persons stand in armor arrayed. No questions are 
yet asked you, and you wind your way up that pair of 
stairs; at the top thereof you turn to the right, and 
walk straight on in a direction at right angles with that 
which you pursued in entering, until a promenade of 
fifty feet or more brings you to the end of the passage- 
way, where stands another sentinel, who exclaims, in a 
stentorian voice, " Cdbo .^" (" Corporal !") The cor- 
poral appears, asks you your business. If you expect 
to proceed further, you must present a written order. 
The corporal calls the captain of the guard, who reads 
your order, and if correct, the soldier is ordered to let 
you pass. In advancing, you turn half around to the 
left, in the opposite direction from that which conducts 
you to the first entrance of the building. You enter 
the corridor around the court, — passing first, before 
reaching the court, on the right, a small room occupied 
by the captain of the guard. On the left you pass two 
doors — one enters the room of His Majesty's servant, the 
other into that of his physician. Dr. Samuel Basch. 
The corridor is six or seven feet wide, running on two 
sides of the court only, protected by a balustrade about 
three and a half feet high. As you first enter that cor- 
ridor, on the opposite side of the coux't, a door is seen 



MAXIMILIAIN". 199 

directly in front of you ; that leads to the room of the 
Emj^eror. As you advance a few feet further, at your 
right, on the opposite side of the court, two more doors 
are observable in a line with that of the Emperor's ; — 
one of them, which is nearest to that of His Majesty, 
opens into Miramon's room ; the other, into that of Me- 
jia. In front of the Emperor's room is a vacant space, 
nearly fifteen feet square. In front of the other two 
rooms, the space is only of the width of the corridor. 

The apartment of the Emperor is about eighteen by 
twenty feet, measuring to the ceiling nearly twenty feet. 
In front, and to the left of the door as you enter, is a 
window, which opens out to the vacant space in the cor- 
ridor. The door and that window were the only aper- 
tures that grave lio^ht and air. When clouds darkened 
the sky, his room was not as light as one would have de- 
sired ; and on warm days the space in front was more 
comfortable • than the room itself, in which he found a 
fan an asjreeable article. 

The furniture of His Majesty exhibited no proof that 
it was prepared for an Imperial mansion. It consisted 
of an iron bedstead surmounted with brass, and a toler- 
ably comfortably bed; a pine table twenty by thirty 
inches in dimensions, another double its size, one rock- 
ing-chair, three or more common ones, and a small box 
which contained some private articles. 

The room itself had a brick floor, plastered walls 
without any ornaments, and as much the appearance of 
a prison as though it had been built for that purpose. 
The rooms occupied by Generals Miramon and Mejia 
were once used as chapels, and presented a little better 
appearance than that of His Majesty. The space in 
front of the latter made that one a little more desirable. 
The three prisoners were allowed to visit each other, 
and to walk in the corridor, or sit there, all of which 
they frequently did. 



200 MAXIMILIAI^. 

That convent contained all the prisoners who were of 
the rank of general. Prince Salm Salm, who was reg- 
istered as a colonel when taken, but who had been com- 
missioned as a general a few days prior to the capture 
of Queretaro, was permitted, at the solicitation of His 
Majesty, to occupy the same building on the first floor. 
As the Prince was German, and a person in whom the 
Emperor had confidence, it was a favor to him to be 
allowed the company and service of the Prince. Al- 
though the latter was below, he had the permission to 
ascend to the room of His Majesty when the latter re- 
quested his presence. The consequence was, the Prince 
spent a great deal of his time with the Emperor. At 
or near each door of the three prisoners stood a sentinel. 
The prisoners were thus guarded day and night. A 
battalion of soldiers was quartered in the convent also. 

On Tuesday morning, May 28th, 1867, I left San Luis 
Potosi, and reached Queretaro on the following day at five 
o'clock, p. M. I there met, at the hotel, Mr. Bansen, the 
Hamburg Consul resident at San Luis Potosi. Wednesday 
morning, the day after my arrival, he observed to me that 
the Emperor was desirous of seeing me. A few hours 
later the wife of Prince Salm Salm met me, and remarked 
that she had just come from the room of His Majesty, 
and that his request was that I should visit him. I 
therefore escorted her to the convent where the Em- 
peror was, first obtaining a written permit from the Fis- 
cal, the law-oflicer of the Government, who had charge 
of the prosecution of the three mentioned prisoners. 
It appeared that the Fiscal was the proper officer to 
grant that permission, rather than the commanding- 
ofiicer of the division. I was requested to converse with 
His Majesty in Spanish, so that the officer of the guard 
v/ould be able to understand all that I said. The Em- 
peror met me most cordially, and as though it was a treat 
to see anybody who was friendly disposed towards him. 



MAXIM1LIA3?-, 201 

After quite a long social conversation, he commenced to 
relate some facts pertaining to himself and government, 
first prefacing his remarks with the observation, " I wish 
to tell you all, that the world may know the truth." 
He further remarked, that when he came to Mexico it 
was with a sincere belief that he was called by the will 
of a majority of the people ; that he told the Mexican 
deputation, when they first visited him at Miramar in 
the fall of 1863, that he would not accept the throne of 
Mexico until he was satisfied that the majority would 
sanction it. That the deputation then said to him that 
they believed that the majority were already in favor of 
his coming. The evidence at that time was inadequate 
to convince him. He observed that when the deputa- 
tion appeared the second time, in the following April, 
the proof which they presented left no doubt on his 
mind as to the condition precedent having been com- 
plied with. His consent to accept the crown was based 
upon that belief. He further stated upon that point, 
that when he arrived at Yera Cruz, and witnessed the 
demonstration in his favor, which continued to the capi- 
tal of the nation, he was more convinced than ever of 
the truth of the statement made by the Mexican depu- 
tation. He said, that on the way to the ca23ital he re- 
marked to the Empress, "Surely the deputation were 
right when they said a majority of the Mexicans were 
in favor of our coming to be their ruler." He then added, 
" I never in all Europe saw a Sovereign received with 
such enthusiasm as greeted us." 

I might well testify in his behalf that, according to 
the statements related to me by many persons who wit- 
nessed parts of that demonstration, the Emperor could 
not have come to any other conclusion. 

I do not think there is the slightest room for doubt 
that His Majesty was perfectly sincere in his reported 
belief. 



202 MAXIMILIAN". 

He said, in speaking of his capture, that General Es- 
cobedo promised that he should be treated like a pris- 
oner of war. If that promise had been carried out, he 
never would have been shot. 

As to the decree of October 3d, 1865, issued by him, 
he remarked that it originated with Marshal Bazaine ; 
that Bazaine appeared before the Council and pressed 
the matter, saying some severe law was necessary to put 
down the dissidents ; and that Juarez was then in Texas. 
He said further, that he himself was opposed to the de- 
cree ; and putting up his hands in the attitude of sur- 
prise at the severity of the decree, said : " That is against 
all rules of warfare in Europe ; and I did not wish to 
sign it ; but the ministers being also in favor of it, and 
believing Juarez to be out of the country, I signed it." 
Statements had been so made to him that he did not for 
one moment doubt that Juarez had been, and was, in 
Texas when he signed that decree. In fact, he said to 
me that he was almost certain that there was document- 
ary evidence to prove that Juarez had been out of the 
country. He further remarked, " That is what makes 
Juarez mad, to think that it can be proved on him." 

I asked him if he had ever signed a decree or order to 
have any particular person or persons executed for a po- 
litical crime ? He replied, " Never." 

He then observ^ed that he ordered the telegraph office 
to be kept open day and night ; that an operator should 
be there at all hours, and should immediately deliver 
dispatches which contained a statement of the capture 
of prisoners, whether received in the day or night ; and 
if during the latter period, to wake him up, so that he 
might forthwith send orders that none of the prisoners 
should be executed. He observed that he had frequently 
gotten up in the night for that purpose. Pie said, in 
speaking of executions, that the trouble with himself 
was, that he was too tender-hearted ; that he had been 



MAXIMILIAN. 203 

told by the Empress that he was not willing to punish 
when justice demanded it. 

He felt very much annoyed at the many acts of cruelty 
which had reached his ears, and which were alleged to 
have been committed by the French. 

I think I never saw a man more opposed to cruelty 
than the Emperor. In that regard his feelings were as 
tender as those of a lady. Yet, in battle, he was as 
brave as Caesar, as all who saw him in that position will 
testify. We were speaking about some battles ; during 
which time the names of Prince Salm Salm came up. 
His Majesty said of him : " He was as brave as a lion, 
Sir." lie had no good feelings toward Marshal Bazaine, 
nor his own general, Marquez. He considered that he 
himself had to suiFer, and perhaps to lose his life, 
through the actions of Bazaine. 

I said to him, " The treaty of Miramar placed Your 
Majesty in an exceedingly difficult position; while it 
gave the French commander full control over the mili- 
tary actions and movements of the French troops, as 
well as over any body of mixed French and Mexican 
forces : it made the Sovereign head responsible for their 
acts." He replied, " Yes, I know it, and I am almost 
ashamed of it ; but I submitted to it, thinking it would 
be the best for the country." 

In speaking of President Juarez, he said, " I believe he 
is a good man." I never heard him say any unkind 
words of Juarez. 

After my two first visits, I requested the Fiscal to 
allow me to speak in English or French, as I could therein 
best express the law to the Emperor, inasmuch as I was 
one of his counsel ; to which he assented. In speaking 
in English, he sometimes hesitated for a word, and would 
place in its stead a French one, when I would give him 
the English of it. After a few days' conversation, he re- 
marked, "Since my practice with you, I sjjeak better 



204 MAXIMILIA^^, 

English. I do not speak as well as I did fifteen years 
ago : when in the navy, I was in the habit of meeting 
officers who spoke it." He spoke English very well, and 
read it better. He had but two books, I think, in his 
room to read. One was a Universal History in Spanish, 
and the other I have forgotten. I carried him, " Whea- 
ton on the Laio of Nations^'' in Spanish. He asked if 
I thought the translation good. I replied, " Very good." 

When conversing about his case, he remarked, on 
several occasions, placing his hand on his heart, " I have 
never done anything against my conscience." He spoke 
it with such a sincerity of expression, that no man could 
have heard him say it without believing it. Two or 
three times he said to me, " I should like very much to 
see the Empress, my dear wife, my mother, and other 
relatives ; but my honor before life." The name of her 
Majesty Queen Victoria was mentioned in conversation 
between us alone, on one or two occasions, when he 
spoke in a very kind and brotherly manner of her. His 
expression indicated that he looked upon her as a warm 
friend. 

He held Americans in high estimation. He said: 
" The Americans are a great people for improvements. 
And besides, they are great lovers of justice. They pay 
such respect to the laws, that I admire them. And if 
God should spare my life, I intend to visit the United 
States, and travel through them." He further said of 
them, " You can rely on the word of an American gentle- 
man." The idea of improvements and progress seemed 
to occupy a good deal of his attention. He was anxious 
to see Mexico advance. He frequently alluded to the 
lavish bounty of nature to the country: he was much 
delighted with its natural beauty and resources. We 
were much in hopes that the point raised as to the juris- 
diction of the court would be decided against it, in 
order that more time might be obtained, as that would 



MAXIMILIAN". 205 

decrease the excitement against liis Majesty ; and that 
after such a favorable point gained, the government 
mio-ht determine to bring;- the matter before Cono-ress. 

o o o 

Plis Majesty said : "If my case can go before the Mexi- 
can Congress, I am not afraid. I will speak myself, 
without any lawyers." He then turned towards me, 
and smiled a little, and observed, " I might need a law- 
yer to point out some of the law, but I would do the 
talking^." 

When I pointed to several articles in the Mexican 
Constitution, which were in his favor, he took his own 
copy of it, and marked the articles with a red pen- 
cil, read them carefully, and became quite animated. 
They had not been suggested to him before. He sent 
immediately for Mr. Yasquez, one of his lawyers. When 
he came, he alluded to what I had said in regard to the 
unconstitutionality of certain laws. Mr. Yasquez replied 
that he believed that I was correct in my opinion ; but 
as the Government was still, in some respects, acting 
contrary to the Constitution, he could not say what view 
would be taken of those questions. He further said, 
that the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Senor Lerdo Tejada, 
when a member of Congress, had expressed his opinion 
upon the Constitution in conformity with mine. 

Afterward I set forth my opinion upon the case, in a 
written document, which was translated into Spanish. 
This, he said, he would like to have sent to the United 
States and Europe : a copy thereof is inserted herein 
among the papers of his cause. 

After I had read the accusations in the law-office of 
Senor Yasquez, I visited His Majesty, and found him in 
bed, not very well, but sitting up. I said to him, " I 
have just read the accusations." " Have you ?" he ob- 
served ; and smiling, said, " When they were read to me, 
I had to put my hand over my mouth to keep from 
laughing, they were so silly." I remarked that I could 



200 MAXIMILIAN. 

not say that they appeared to be written in a lawyer- 
like style. 

On Tuesday morning, June 4th, soon after I entered 
his room, the Emperor said, "We must hurry with busi- 
ness. I have been talkino; with Miramon. He has 
counted up the time, and says that he thinks they will 
shoot us Friday morning." I replied to him that I 
thought not, that more time would be given by the 
President. We had been anxiously waiting the arrival 
of the lawyers from the city of Mexico. They had been 
expected for several days, and what detained them we 
could not learn. As the city of Mexico was besieged, 
we thought it possible that the difficulty might be that 
they were not permitted to pass the lines. They arrived 
that evening, the 4th. 

For two days the wife of Prince Salm Salm had been 
doing her utmost to procure mules or horses to convey 
her to the city, to ascertain the reason of the delay of 
the lawyers. She had been able to obtain a carriage, 
but no animals. I went in search of animals. I called 

on General , of the Liberal army, whom I knew, 

and solicited animals of him, saying that I wished them 
to go only to the first station, where the stage line 
changed. He replied that he had not sufficient for his 
own use. At first I did not tell him the urgent reason 
of my desire for the animals. After I ascertained that 
he had none to spare, and as he asked me why I wished 
them, and if I were going to Mexico myself, I told him 
that I wished them to send for the lawyers whom the 
Emperor was desirous of having to assist in his defence. 
He then observed to me, that if he had a thousand to 
spare, he would not let one go for that purpose. In 
other words, he would deprive the Emperor of any de- 
fence, if he could. That class of officers caused the death 
of the Emperor. General Escobedo is among that num- 
ber. It has been said by those in Mexico, that he could 



MAXIMILIAN. 207 

have saved the life of Maximilian if he had desired it ; 
notwithstanding, he communicated the statement to the 
President, that if Maximilian was not shot, that he, Es- 
cobedo, could not hold his army together. The truth 
will some day make its appearance. It has already to 
me, on good authority. And I attach more blame to 
Escobedo than to Juarez. When Escobedo appointed 
the members of the court-martial, he knew what their 
decision would be. There were many officers of the 
Liberal army that would have rejoiced at the verdict 
of not guilty, in the Emperor's case. 

On one occasion I visited the convent about the mid- 
dle of the day. I found the Emperor, Generals Mira- 
mon, Mejia, Prince Salm Salm, and Dr. Basch, around 
a table in the space in the corridor, in front of His Ma- 
jesty's room, playing dominoes. As I entered, they 
were about to stop, through politeness ; but I insisted 
that they should proceed with the game. They re- 
quested me to join them. I did so — placing myself be- 
tween General Miramon and Prince Salm Salm, and op- 
posite the Emperor. They all smiled a little, and His 
Majesty looked up at me and said, "This is a stupid 
game ; it's like children's play." He seemed to be im- 
pressed with the idea that I might think it was a silly 
occupation for men of talent to be engaged in. He 
made that same remark twice. I replied that it was by 
no means stupid ; that it occupied the mind, and made 
the time pass pleasanter than sitting idle. I think we 
played an hour. The Emperor asked me one day if I 
thought that he and his two generals, Miramon and 
Mejia, would be justified in escaping, if they could. I 
answered him, " Certainly, by all means ; I have no idea 
that the court-martial will do you justice : the law is 
clearly in your favor ; but from my discussion on some 
of the principles of law with the officers of the govern- 
ment, I am quite satisfied that the determination is to 



208 MAXIMILIAN. 

convict you at all hazards." He preferred to have a 
fair trial before Congress, rather than to have escaped ; 
but believing that they were anxious to murder him, he 
had no scruples about saving his life the best way that 
might be provided. He remarked, " I have never given 
my word that I would not escape ; I was clever about 
that." But if he had ever promised not to escape, he 
would have kept his word. He was punctilious about 
his honor. 

He then told me of a plot formed to save them. One 
Henry B. del Borgo, an Italian rascal, a captain in the 
Liberal army, had received two thousand dollars of the 
Emperor's money to purchase six horses, saddles, equip- 
ments, and pistols. He purchased that number of horses of 
an ordinary class, and the accoutrements. I do not think, 
from an examination of them, that they could have cost 
over seven or eight hundred dollars. The horses were 
to be ready on the night designated, at a given point, 
and the three prisoners were to be let out at the proper 
time, to mount their horses, and to rush for the moun- 
tains. It was known that Mejia was well acquainted 
with the whole country, and that with him, there would 
be no danger of being lost. Much to the surprise of us 
all, the Italian left one morning early, taking with him 
the balance of the money ; and it was believed that he 
had made known the plot : but as to that, we did not 
positively know. I think he left on the morning of the 
5th of June. 

That night the guard was increased, and a light kept 
burning all night near the Emperor's room. We began 
to conjecture as to the cause. Finally, it was rumored 
that Miramon's wife had attempted to bribe the officers ; 
that she had succeeded with several, but one of them 
had told the secret. We therefore considered that the 
Emperor's plot was yet undiscovered. 

Tlie getting out of the convent was the difficult part. 



MAXIMILIAN". 209 

They considered that once out, there would be no dan- 
ger. How to pass the officer and nine or ten sentinels, 
was the great question. The Emperor once said to me : 
*' Cannot we get out with ropes — putting one hand over 
the other, like sailors in climbing? You know I am 
good at that — I have been in the navy." I answered 
him, perhaps that might be done, but I thought it would 
be difficult, as there was no outside window to his room. 
I did not think it feasible, as the most difficult part 
would be to pass the first guards in the corridor, which 
he would have to do to reach any opening. 

After the foregoing had taken place, I was requested 
by the officer of the guard to speak entirely in Spanish 
to His Majesty. He said that was the order which he 
had received. As he remained near us when we con- 
versed, I was comj^elled to talk in that language. At 
one time I knew that the wife of Prince Salm Salm was 
to be there within a half-hour or more ; I therefore pro- 
longed my visit, knowing that she could talk but little 
Spanish, and was under the necessity of speaking in 
English to the Emperor. As they conversed I joined in, 
of course in English ; and then I availed myself of the 
opportunity of saying to His Majesty what I did not 
wish the officer of the guard to understand. 

The lawyers from the city of Mexico visited His Ma- 
jesty the next day after their arrival. They suggested 
that the laws were unconstitutional, and that they would 
attack the laws on that ground. 

His Majesty said to me on the following day, that 
when they made those observations to him he imme- 
diately said to them that those points, as to the un- 
constitutionality of the laws, had already been made. 
They inquired, " By whom ?" " By an American law- 
yer." They exhibited a little surprise. His Majesty 
said, that a foreign lawyer should be so familiar with 
their constitution and laws. The Emperor pointed out 



210 MAXIMILIAN. 

the favorable positions which I had assumed, and gave 
them a translation of my legal views. They did me the 
honor to say that they agreed perfectly with all my 
opinions. They requested that I should meet them in 
consultation the next day at ten o'clock in the morning. 
Before that hour arrived, they thought it best for Messrs. 
Palacio and De la Torre to go forthwith to San Luis 
Potosi to see what could be done with the President and 
Cabinet. 

The lawyers all worked very hard to save the Emperor. 
They did all that was in their power as lawyers, and 
with their influence as men. 

I asked the Emperor if he thought he would have 
been able to sally out of Queretaro had he not been sold 
by Lopez, and had the plans formed on his part been ex- 
ecuted. He replied, " Yes." He believed that he would 
have been successful in reaching Vera Cruz. He ob- 
served that he had at that time. May 14th, five thousand 
men in Queretaro. He did not seem to have any doubt 
in his mind that he would have fought his way through. 

While he was sitting up in bed one day, the name of 
Lopez came up in the conversation, and the wife of 
Prince Salm Salm was present, who remarked to me, 
" What do you think ? A few days ago His Majesty 
heard that some man was in pursuit of Lopez to kill 
him, and His Majesty sent a person to inform Lopez of 
the fact, and to be on his guard." I looked at the Em- 
peror, and observed, " Did Your Majesty do that ?" 
He smiled, and blushed a little, and answered, " Yes, I 
did." I then said that that was more than I could have 
done to a man that had sacrificed me. He made some 
remark to the effect that he supposed but a few persons 
would have done it. 

I asked him if I could have one of his photographs ; 
to which he replied, " With the greatest pleasure ; and 
you will please give me yours, with your signature on it." 



MAXIMILIAN. 211 

He gave me one of his, observing that it was taken some 
time ago, but that if God spared his life he would give 
me a better one. I gave him my own, with my sig- 
nature. He thanked me very kindly. He further said, 
*' If God spares my life, and you go to Europe, the castle 
of Miramar shall be your home." I thanked him, and 
said I hoped we would meet there ; and that if he and 
I lived, we should probably see each other in Europe. 
It was his custom, when speaking of what he would 
probably do if he lived, to preface the remark with the 
words, " If God should spare my lifeP 

His Majesty was dressed in citizen's clothes, having 
on black pants and vest, a dark-blue single-breasted 
frock-coat, black necktie, white socks, and a pair of 
variegated cloth slippers. His health was not very good ; 
and frequently, when I visited him, he was sitting up in 
his bed, somewhat feeble. 

On the seventh of June, I was sent for by General 
Escobedo. I called at his office. After a few moments' 
conversation, he observed that he had just made an order 
requiring all foreigners to leave the city on the follow- 
ing day. He further said that I was not alone included 
in the order. I inquired of him if any accusations had 
been made against me ; to which he replied, " Not any." 
I then called upon the Emperor, and informed him of 
the fact ; at which he was very much displeased. He 
wished me to say to General Escobedo that I was one 
of his counsel, and on that ground, to request that I 
could stay with him through the trial. He also desired 
that I should solicit Mr. Vasquez, one of his counsel, to 
call upon General Escobedo, and ask of him permission 
for me to remain. I called on Mr. Vasquez, and made 
known to him the desire of the Emperor. He refused to 
comply, saying that he had once that day called upon 
the general, and found him in a bad humor, and quite 
enraged about something. I bid His Majesty good- 



212 MAXIMILIAi!?^. 

bye that afternoon, saying that I did not see how it was 
possible for me to remain any longer, as the order of the 
commanding officer was positive, and must be obeyed. 
He said to me " Good-bye" most affectionately, with a 
very complimentary additional remark; and then we 
parted. That parting I never shall forget. 

Subsequently, I saw General Escobedo again, and said 
to him that I was one of the Emperor's counsel, and 
that it was his wish that I should remain with him. He 
replied, " Foreigners cannot practice in our courts." I 
might further add, that if he had the control of the 
nation, and the law-making power, he would not allow 
a foreigner to live in the country. He did say, that 
were it in his power to govern the rights of foreigners, 
he would not permit them to live in Mexico, unless they 
became citizens of the country. The following morning 
I left the city for Tacubaya. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

Court-martial— Accusations— Defence— Trial and judgment— Maximilian's de- 
cree of October 3d, 1865— Law of Juarez, 1863— Treaty of Miramar— Corre- 
spondence between United States and Mexico— Parts of the Mexican Con- 
stitution-Comments on the law. 

BY an order of Seiior Don Benito Juarez, as Presi- 
dent of the Republic of Mexico, General Mariano 
Escobedo, chief of the forces at Queretaro, was com- 
manded to form an Ordinary Council of War, which 
should be authorized and required to try His Majesty 
Maximilian, and his generals, Miramon and Mejia. 

The Government of Mexico recognized Maximilian 
only as Archduke of Austria, and the other two prison- 
ers as mere citizens, not acknowledging their titles as 
generals, but as the "so called generals^'' 

They were thus entered on the records. 

General Escobedo telegraphed to the Minister of War 
on the 27th of May, 1867, that, in answer to his note of 
the 21st, he had the honor to say that proceedings had 
been taken toward the trial of the three mentioned per- 
sons. 

In accordance with the foregoing order, General Esco- 
bedo appointed the following persons as members of 
that Council of War: Lieutenant-Colonel Platon San- 
chez (President), Captain Jose Vicente Ramirez, Emilio 
Lojero, Ignacio Jurado, Juan Rueday Auza, Jose Yeras- 
tigui, and Lucas Yillagran. 

Lieutenant-Colonel Manuel Aspiroz was appointed by 
the general as Fiscal, and Joaquin M. Escoto as Asesor. 
Both are law-officers of the Government. The Fiscal's 
duty is to write the accusations, take the evidence, and 



214 MAXIMILIAK. 

manage the cause on the part of the Government ; in 
short, he is the attorney for the Government. The Ase- 
sor's duty is to examine the cause after the court shall 
have passed judgment, and to render his opinion there- 
upon, in favor or against the legality thereof; which opin- 
ion governs the commanding-officer, in his approval or 
disapproval of the judgment. 

The Minister of War sent instructions to the Fiscal 
containing the main points of complaint ; upon which 
the latter drew the accusations, which were based on 
the alleged violations of the provisions of the law bear- 
ing date January 25th, a. d. 1862, created by the Presi- 
dent of the Liberal party alone. 

The three prisoners were tried together, although 
upon separately-written charges. 

The first proceeding, on the part of the Government, 
after the formation of the Court, was a preparatory 
writing, drawn by the Fiscal, containing interrogatories 
addressed to the Emperor, demanding of him to answer 
whether he was Ferdinand Maximilian, Archduke of 
Austria, the so-called Emperor; and for what purpose 
he came to Mexico. To which he answered that he was 
the aforesaid Archduke, and was born July 6th, 1832: 
that he came to Mexico at the solicitation of a large 
number of Mexican citizens ; and that he believed that 
he was so called by a majority of said citizens. 

A Protest, bearing date May 29th, was drawn by 
Senor Vasquez, the resident lawyer of His Majesty at 
Queretaro, signed by Maximilian, wherein was set forth 
that various Mexicans were desirous of establishins^ an 
empire in Mexico, and to elect him Emperor thereof; 
that he answered them that he wished j)roof that a 
majority of the Mexican people were of that opinion : 
that subsequently an Assembly of Notables presented 
him a document which evidenced that the people of 
Mexico had already adopted that form of government ; 



MAXIMILIAN. 215 

and that believing, after an examination, that the prin- 
ciples therein laid down were in accordance with the 
will of the Mexican people, he then consented to their 
proposition to accept the crown ; that, accordingly, he 
governed Mexico for more than two years, recognized by 
the nations of Europe. Also that other facts presented 
themselves in favor of his cause, namely: Jesus G. 
Ortega proclaimed himself President of the Republic 
of Mexico ; that he had been arrested and not yet tried, 
but was waiting for a high tribunal, vested with compe- 
tent authority ; and that he, Maximilian, was chosen 
Emperor while he was at Miramar, and did not, like 
Ortega, proclaim himself the head of the Government. 
Finally, the Protest closed, asking : first, that the Coun- 
cil of War be declared incompetent ; second, that orders 
be given to sus]3end all summary proceedings against 
him, based upon the said law of January 25th, 1862; 
third, that no Ordinary Council of War be formed or 
installed, based upon the said law of January, the com- 
petency of which he did not recognize. The Protest 
had subjoined thereto the following : 

" Finally, I say, that in conformity with the frankness 
of my character, I ought not to keep it as a secret from 
you. General, that a true copy of this writing is in the 
hands of the Hamburg Consul, in order that he may 
transmit the same, when he may be able, to the Diplo- 
matic Corps, accredited near my person. 

" QuERETARO May twenty-ninth, one thousand 
eight hundred and sixty-seven. 

" Maximilian. 

" Jesus M. Yasquez, CounseV^ 

The foregoing Protest was handed me for examina- 
tion, and for an opinion as to the i^oints raised in favor 
of the defendant. I do not think it was satisfactory to 



21G MAXIMILIAN. 

the lawyers who came from the city of Mexico on behalf 
of the Emperor, nor to the Emperor himself. 

The objections to the jurisdiction made therein were 
overruled by General Escobedo; and thereupon the 
Fiscal prepared the accusations against Maximilian in 
the form of interrogatories, and propounded the same in 
the presence of the notary appointed to take down the 
answers that might be given thereto. 

The accusations, answers of the defendant, and state- 
ments of the notary therein, constituted the charges in 
full, and were embraced in one document, which was in 
the following language : 

"Maximilian being asked if he would promise to 
speak the truth as to all he knew upon which he might 
be interrogated, responded that he would answer all 
questions which were not of a political nature. 

*' Being asked concerning the charge of having offered 
himself as the principal instrument of the French Inter- 
vention, to carry out the plans of said Intervention, 
which were to disturb the peace of Mexico, by means of 
a war, unjust in its origin, illegal in its form, disloyal 
and barbarous in its execution ; and of arousing in Mex- 
ico, the political faction that has sacrificed the national 
rights and interests in order to satisfy their particular 
interest; and which faction was already reduced and 
unable to oifer further resistance without the assistance 
of foreign arms : in order to destroy the constitutional 
Government of the nation established by the people, who 
were in the exercise of all its powers, and recognized by 
foreign nations, and even by the very powers Avhich 
brought on the Intervention ; in order to transform the 
Republic into a monarchy, which would favor the policy 
of Napoleon III., in opposing American democracy, and 
favor the base interests of the French Government and 



MAXIMILIAN, 217 

such men as Jecker, who had no other object in view 
than that of obtaining so base and iniquitious advantao-es 
from a war which has been called a War of Intervention, 
the records of which constitute the First Charge^ and 
others, which are of public notoriety. 

" To this Maximilian replied, that this question being 
a political one, he would refer them to what he had be- 
fore answered. 

"The Fiscal, after admonishing the defendant, re- 
peated the charge twice to him, without receiving any 
other answer than the former one. 

" Beinix asked and warned to answer to the charcre of 
having come to second and put in practice the plans 
above referred to of the French Government, without 
any other title than that which the armed force of the 
same Government gave him, and a few votes, which he 
pretended to call the national will, notwithstanding that 
pretended expression of the national will is false in form 
and substance, as no one can deny; since the Mexican 
Republic being established as it was and as it is on 
the fundamental charter of 1857, the only legitimate 
expresion of the will of the people is that which is 
deiined in the same charter, and regulated by the elec- 
toral laws in conformity with the same, it being the 
form established by the same supreme law and respec- 
tive regulations ; and the only legitimate one through 
which the sovereign will of the Mexicans can be made 
known; and not the votes of a few persons, cast in a 
few particular towns, and those of an incompetent 
minority'bf the ' Assembly of Notables,' who pretended, 
maliciously, to represent the genuine will of the j^eople ; 
pretending to make their acts to express the consent of 
the people, and transforming the Republic into the so- 
called Mexican Empire. And whatever might have 
been the cause for the proclamation of the monarchy 

10 



218 MAXIMILIAN. 

and Maximilian, the votes obtained in the presence of 
an armed force cannot be considered the deliberate and 
spontaneous will of the people. 

"The false representation of said national will was 
already proclaimed by native Mexican traitors and for- 
eigners at the beginning of the War of Intervention, 
as it was known to the world, and protested against by 
the press of Europe and America ; and also the plans of 
a few wicked Mexicans, such as Almonte, Gutierrez 
Estrado, and the diplomatic efforts of the cabinet of the 
Tuilleries, which arrived to destroy, at all costs, the 
Kepublican Government, and to found, by force, a Mex- 
ican Monarchy, at the head of which the French Govern- 
ment had resolved to place a prince who would accept 
the crown, and did, in effect, place the Prince who is 
present. 

"Maximilian responded as he did to the prior charge, 
statino' that his answer to other charades which mio-ht 
be made would be no other than already given, if they 
were questions of a political character. The Fiscal then 
repeated twice the foregoing question and charge last 
made, and passed on to the 

" Third Charge : That the Archduke Maximilian ac- 
cepted voluntarily the responsibilities of an usurper of 
the Sovereignty of a people constituted as a nation free 
and independent ; for the acceptance of which respon- 
sibilities he is severely condemned by the legislation of 
all nations and various previously made laws of the 
Republic of Mexico, among w^hich last is that of the 
twenty-fifth of January, one thousand eight '^hundred 
and sixty-two, which has ever since been in force. 

" The Fiscal repeated the said charge twice, and passed 
on to the 

''''Fourth Charge: That of having, with an armed 
force, disposed of the lives, rights, and interests of the 
Mexican people. 



MAXIMILIAN. 219 

" Tlie Fiscal repeated this charge twice, and passed 
on to the 

'"'' Fifth Charge: That of having made Avar against 
the Mexican Ivcpublic, and by and in many cases under 
the direction of the Commander-in-chief of the Frencli 
army in Mexico. Consenting to, authorizing, and com- 
mitting molestations and atrocities of all kinds v\'hich 
could be put into practice to oppress the Mexican peo- 
ple, and to impose upon them the will of a Prince elected 
by the French Government to govern Mexico. 

" Here the Fiscal caused to be read a list of the fright- 
ful number of executions by court-martial of Maximilian, 
of the Mexican who defended the cause of the Kepub- 
lic, and also of the pillage and burning of entire towns 
throughout the Mexican Territory, and especially in the 
States of Coahuila, Michoacan, Siualoa, Chihuahua, Xue- 
vo Leon, and Tamaulipas. 

" The Fiscal here repeated this last charge twice, and 
passed on to the 

" Sixth Charge : That of having made, in his own 
name, a fillibustering war, inviting and enlisting for- 
eigners from all nations, principally Austrians and Bel- 
gians, subjects of Powers who were not at war with the 
Mexican Republic. 

"The Fiscal repeated this twice, and passed on to the 

" Seventh Charge : That of having published and of 
bavins; carried into effect asjainst the Mexicans who did 
not submit to his authority, the barbarous decree of 
October third, one thousand eight hundred and sixty- 
five, which gave power to all commanding officers of the 
so-called Imperial army to execute on the spot all pris- 
oners, without regard to the rank or the denomination 
of the organized body which they formed, or the cause 
which they defended, and without excluding those who 
followed them unarmed, or citizens who aided them di- 
rectly or indirectly. 



220 MAXIMILIAK. 

"The Fiscal repeated this last charge twice, and 
passed on. to the 

" Eighth Charge : That of having the audacity to as ■ 
sume in his manifesto of the second of October, which 
served as a preamble to the said barbarous decree, that 
the person at the head of the Constitutional Republican 
Government had abandoned the Mexican Territory; 
deducing from this entirely false fact extraordinary 
consequences in favor of his tyranny, and for the perse- 
cution and disdaining the true patriots who were defend- 
ing the flag of the liepublic. 

"The Fiscal repeated this last charge twice, and 
passed on to the 

" JSfinth Charge : That of having attempted to sustain 
his false title of Emperor of Mexico after the French 
army had withdrawn from Mexico, and when he saw the 
Republic rising by his side against the pretended Em- 
pire ; and in support of which he surrounded himself 
with some of tlie men who, during the civil war of Mexi 
CO, became famous for their crimes ; that of employing 
means of violence, of death, and desolation; that of 
shutting himself in this plaza of Queretaro, in order to 
check the victorious Republicans from the frontiers of 
the north to this place ; and that he did not deliver his 
sword until the plaza was taken by the besiegers, and 
then to the Colonel of the Campana near by, and on 
being also assaulted, and in the fort of which Campana 
he took refuge with two of his Generals, and a handful 
of other officers, and until after his forces had been im- 
prisoned or dispersed, leaving him no elements to pro- 
Ion sf his defence. 

"The Fiscal repeated this charge, and passed on to 
the 

" Tenth Charge : That of having abdicated the false 
title of Emperor, so that the abdication should not take 



MAXIMILIAN. 221 

effect immediately, but only when he should be con- 
quered ; that is, at a time when he would not be able to 
do so by his will, but when he found himself overcome 
and compelled to abdicate by force of arms. 

" The Fiscal repeated this, and passed on to the 

^''Eleventh Charge: That of pretending to be entitled 
to the consideration due to a Sovereign conquered in 
war, when for the Mexican nation he has not been such ; 
not by law, because of the illegality of his title of Em- 
peror, Avhich he abrogated to himself, not, in fact, be- 
cause he was unable to sustain his title by his own 
forces. 

" In respect to the foregoing charge, the Fiscal read 
the following facts to him : 

" That Maximilian was unable to establish peace under 
his rule, even with the assistance of the French army ; 
that from the complete evacuation of Mexico by the 
French army to the time of his fall, not even three 
months had elapsed ; that the Republican Government 
had sustained itself without interruption, notwithstand- 
ing the strenuous efforts of the French and Maximilian 
to destroy it ; that the war of Mexico against the French 
intervention, and against the so-called Empire, the ideal 
of said intervention, has been maintained Avithout cessa- 
tion for more than five years, always in the name of the 
Republic, by the authority and under the direction of 
the Government of the same. 

" The Fiscal repeated this charge, and passed on to 
make the 

" Twelfth : That of not recognizing the competency 
of the Council of War, which the law of the twenty-fifth 
of January, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, 
establishes to try offenders guilty of the crimes therein 
specified ; which crimes, almost in their totality, Maxi- 
milian committed, and which law he understood, and is 



222 - MAxniiiuiA-N, 

applicable to him, because it was already in force before 
he came to Mexico to commit the specified crimes against 
the independence and security of the people, against the 
law of nations, against public peace and order, against 
individual guaranties ; and which law is now in force, 
and has been applied, being used as an incontestable 
right as inherent in the sovereignty of the country, and 
by which law the government of the Republic has sus- 
tained itself in the defence of the national independence 
against the French intervention, and that of its internal 
sovereignty against the usurpation of Maximilian ; with- 
out which there might be some reason that the law was 
insufficient in this case, 

" The Fiscal repeated the charge twice, and passed on 
to the 

" Thirteenth Charge : That of protesting against the 
competency of the Council of War and that of the Gene- 
ral-in-chief to try him, when the nation has by its ancient 
and modern laws deposited in said council the adminis- 
tration of justice in time of war, in order to try those 
who have been conquered during it, or who, for some 
other reason, are subject to military law. 

" The Fiscal called his attention to the consequences 
which he would incur by persisting in denying the juris- 
diction of the General-in-chief over him, to whom he had 
surrendered at discretion. This was repeated twice, and 
Maximilian was required to answer it, as well as the rest 
of the foregoing charges. The Fiscal notified him again 
that, by the laws of the country, all the charges preferred 
against him would be taken as confessed, if he refused 
to answer and defend himself. And not having obtained 
any answer from Maximilian, except the one which he 
had previously given — that he could not answer any 
question of a political character, because he thought he 
ought not to recognize the competency of a military 
judge to try him — the j^i'esent confession was finislied 



MAXIMILIAN. 223 

and terminated, with the charges which the Fiscal and 
Maximilian will sign, with the notary who subscribes to 
the same. 

*' Manuel Aspiroz. 

" Maximilian. 

" Before me, Jacinto Melendez." 

It will not be surprising to the j^rofessional man, nor 
even to the layman, that the reading of such trash as 
the foregoing accusations and charges should have pro- 
duced the remark which the Emperor made to me. He 
observed, " I had to put my hand over my mouth when 
they were read to me, to prevent laughing." 

We could not exj^ect to see such a document as that 
issue from among men where jurisprudence is taught as 
a science. And the face of Maximilian will not be the 
only one on which the reading thereof will have pro- 
duced a smile. It will likewise cause surprise to those, 
at least, who have been nurtured under the benign in- 
stitutions of a free government, to behold the trial of a 
man, for his life, under a rule of law that compels him 
to be a witness against himself, and if silent thereon, 
every accusation and charge shall be taken to be true. 
The humane doctrine advanced and adhered to in Ens;- 
land and the United States is, that a man shall be 
deemed innocent until proved guilty; and that the 
temptation to perjury shall be held out to no man 
where his life or person is in jeopardy. And frequently 
in those two countries a defendant has been allowed to 
withdraw a plea of guilty, and to enter one of "not 
guilty." 

What civilized country authorizes its officers to pre- 
fer charges against a man for raising a plea to the 
jurisdiction of its tribunals? Where Justice reigns, is 
a man to be chastised for presenting every, point which 
his counsel may think valid in law ? Suppose the points 



22^ _ MAXIMILIAjST. 

are overruled, is that evidence of a crime or mis- 
demeanor? 

Such a proceeding is enough to make a Repub- 
lican blush, as he is told that it has been carried out 
under his form of government. 

The Emperor desired that I should set forth my views 
of the law, in order that the world might know his true 
legal position, so far as I was able to state it, even 
although the Mexican authorities should overrule the 
positions. I did so, somewhat hurriedly. He requested 
me to send copies of that defence to the United States, 
so that it might be read by the distinguislied men of 
that country. That defence was in the following 
words : 

" Whereas, Maximilian is now a prisoner in the city 
of Queretaro, Mexico, by virtue of his surrender to the 
Mexican forces, heretofore, to wit, on the 15th of May, 
A. D. 1867; and whereas certain criminal proceedings 
have been ordered on certain charges and accusations 
against him by the Mexican authorities; and whereas 
the said Maximilian has, heretofore, made his solemn 
protest, denying the jurisdiction of the court estab- 
lished for the purpose of trying him on said accusations 
and charges : Therefore, be it known, that the said Max- 
imilian hereby further protests against the jurisdiction 
of said military court or tribunal, and against the right 
of any military tribunal to try him ; that he is only a 
prisoner' ofioa7\ and was so considered and declared so 
to be by the Commander-in-chief of the Mexican Lib- 
eral Army, to whom he surrendered himself, as afore- 
said. 

" 1st. He contends that he is only a prisoner of ivar, 
and that, according to the generally recognized usages 
and rules of war, that if he is to be tried by any court, 
or by any law, the trial should be before a competent 



ilAXIMILIAX, 225 

court, and in accordance with International Laio^ as 
understood among civilized nations ; which consists of 
those rules of conduct which reason deduces as con- 
sonant to justice from the nature of the society existing 
among independent nations, with such definitions and 
modifications as has been established by general con- 
sent. 

" 2d. That, according to the generally recognized 
usages and rules of International law^ no use of force 
is lawful except so far as it is necessary. A belligerent 
has therefore no right to take away the lives of those 
subjects of the enemy whom he can subdue by any other 
means. Those who are actually in arms, and continue 
to resist, may be lawfully killed ; but those who, being' 
in arms, submit and surrender themselves, may not be 
slain, because their destruction is not necessary for ob- 
taining the just ends of war. The killing of prisoners 
can only be justified in those extreme cases where re- 
sistance on their part, or on the part of others who came 
to their rescue, renders it impossible to keep them. 
Both reason and general oi^inion concur in shoAving that 
nothing but the strongest necessity will justify such an 
act. See 'Wheaton on the law of JVcttiojis, Part 4th, 
Chapter 2d, Section 2d. 

" 3d. That, if it be lawful to try him by a court-mar- 
tial, the officers who compose the court established by 
the order of the Mexican authorities of the Liberal 
Party are of too low a rank, according to the usage 
and rules of civilized nations. 

" 4th. That the internal sovereignty of a State does 
not, in any degree, depend upon the recognition by 
other States. The existence of the State de facto 
is sufficient, in this respect, to establish its sove- 
reignty de jure. It is a State because it exists. Upon 
this principle, the Supreme Court of the United States 
held, in 1808, that the internal sovereignty of the United 



2-iJ MAXIMILIAN. 

States of America was complete from the time they de- 
ckired themselves 'free, sovereign, and independent 
States,' on the 4th of July, 1776. The same principle 
was recognized in the treaty with Great Britain and the 
United States, in 1782. See Wheaton on the Law of 
N'ations^ Part Ist, Chapter 2d, Section 6th. 

"5th. That he, Maximilian, was Emperor and Sover- 
eign head of Mexico for a long time, and as such Sover- 
eign head exercised jurisdiction and control over the 
greater part of the territory of Mexico. 

" 6th. That he, Maximilian, being the Sovereign head 
of Mexico, and so recognized by nearly all of the nations 
of the world, was not and is not subject to any laws or 
decrees made by the President of the Liberal or any 
other party, although said President was recognized by 
the United States as President of Mexico, because said 
Liberal party was not the government de facto of Mex- 
ico, and therefore he ought not to be adjudged by any 
such laws or decrees. 

" 7th. That, according to the rules and principles of 
International Late, the Sovereign head of a government 
de facto cannot be tried or punished for making or issu- 
ing any decree or law ; and while within his own govern- 
ment, is not amenable to the municipal laws of any other 
government or party. Therefore, Maximilian, upon legal 
principles, cannot be tried or condemned for issuing the 
decree known as the ' Decree of October 3d,' whatever 
may be the character of said decree. Every State has 
certain absolute sovereisrn rio-hts; one of the most im- 
portant is the right of self-preservation. This right 
necessarily involves all the incidental rights which are 
essential as means to give effect to the principal end. 
See Wheaton on the Laio of Nations^ Part 2d, Chapter 
1st, Sections 1, 2 and 3. 

" Sth. The law of President Juarez of 1862, January 
2oth, is unconstitutional. 1st. Because it was made by 



MAXIMILIAN. 227 

the President alone, who has no authority to legislate. 
See Mexican ConstUution^ Title Sd, Art. 50, under the 
^Division of Povners^ which says that the supreme 
power of the federation is divided into legislative, ex- 
ecutive, and judicial powers ; that no two of said powers 
can ever be united in one person ; and that legislative 
power shall never \>q deposited in one individual. There- 
fore any law not made by the legislative power is un- 
constitutional. 2d. Said law is unconstitutional, because 
it punishes a man with death for political crimes, con- 
trary to Art. 23d, Title 1st, Section 1st. 

"' 9th. The powers given to the President in Art. 29, 
Title 1st, Section lst,".Mexican Constitution, to suspend 
certain guarantees mentioned in said Constitution, do 
not extend to those guarantees that secure the life of 
man. 

"10th. The word '•guarantees'' in the Constitution 
means individucd guarantees or rights, and the j^ower 
to sus^yend th.QT[i does not give the power Xo the President 
to make laws. If the President can make laws, he can 
destroy the form of the government, and it would be- 
come monarchial rather than constitutional. If the 
President can exercise legislative power, he can likewise 
exercise Jwc?^c^a? power, and he would then be an auto- 
crat. 

" lltli. That the Congress of Mexico have no power 
to declare that the President can make laws. Cong-ress 
cannot delegate its power to any one. If it can delegate 
its powers to the President, then it can do so to any 
other individual. Neither Congress nor the President 
can destroy the form, of government by giving each 
other a part of their respective constitutional powers. 
All the powers of Congress are mentioned in Title 3d, 
Section 1st, Paragraph 3d, Art. 72 ; and there is no au- 
thority given to delegate the powers of Congress to the 
President. According to Title 6th, Art. 117, the powers 



228 MAXIMILIAN. 

which are not expr'csslt/ conceded in the Constitution to 
the federal functionaries are understood to be reserved 
to the States. Art. 126th, Title 6th, says that 'This 
Constitution, the laws of the Congress of the Union 
which emanate from it, and all treaties made, or which 
may be made by the President of the Republic, with 
the approbation of Congress, shall be the supreme law 
of the Union.' It does not say that the laws of the 
President shall be the supreme law of the land, but, on 
the contrary, none hut the laics of the Congress of the 
Union. And, further, under the head ' Of the Inviola- 
bility of the Constitution,' Title 8th, Art. 128th, it says, 
' This Constitution shall not lose its force and vigor even 
ill time of rebellioyi.'' 

" 12th. The late or present war being a civil war, the 
punishment of death cannot be awarded for political 
crimes, according to the said Art. 23 d. 

" 13th. That there is a distinction between an execu- 
tive regulation and a law. The executive can only pro- 
vide for the execution of the law; consequently a regula- 
tion or decree of the President conflicting with any exist- 
ing law, or the Constitution, is void. Lares, in his Derecho 
Administrativo, page 19, says: 'Neither the judicial 
nor administrative tribunals are under any obligation to 
obey illegal reglamentos^ (regulations). Such is the 
opinion of the writers on the Civil law which is in force 
in Mexico. 

" 14th. That if the said war is 2^ foreign one, then Max- 
imilian is not guilty of treason, as he is an Austrian. 

" 15th. That whilst a civil war, involving the contest 
for the government, continues, other States may remain 
indifferent spectators of the controversy, or may espouse 
the cause of either. The positive law of nations make 
no distinction between a just and an unjust war in this 
respect ; and the intervening State becomes entitled to 
all the rights of war against the opposite party. And 



maximiltain". 229 

tJie fact that foreign States in Europe furnished him, 
Maximilian, troops and munitions of war, or whether 
such troops rendered him aid voluntarily, does not, ac- 
cording to the law of nations, change his rights as a 
contestant in the struggle for the supremacy of gov- 
ernment. 

" 16th. That the general usage of nations regards a 
civil war as entitling both the contending parties to all 
the riixhts of war ag^ainst each other, and even as re- 
spects neutral nations. And therefore, if tlie decree of 
Juarez, of January 25th, 1862, was legally made which 
2")unished with death prisoners of war, then Maximilian 
was justified in issuing the decree of October 3d, 1865, 
in retaliation, it being only equal in severity. 

" 1 7th. That, as a fact, the French forces under Mar- 
shal Bazaine were not subject to the control of Maxi- 
milian in regard to their military regulations, orders, 
and movements, as will appear by the treaty of Miramar ; 
but only so in regard to their political government 
while in the Empire of Mexico. 

" 18th. That the said decree of October 3d, 1865, was 
drawn by instructions, and according to the direction 
of Marshal Bazaine ; and that he, Maximilian, was in- 
formed that the said Marshal Bazaine enforced a part 
of said decree before it was signed by said Maximilian. 

" 19th. That at the time said Maximilian signed said 
decree, Marshal Bazaine stated to him, Maximilian, that 
ex-President Juarez had positively left the territorial 
jurisdiction of Mexico, and that he was then in the 
State of Texas, in the United States of North America. 

" 20th. That the said Maximilian, after he left the city 
of Mexico for Orizaba, at the Hacienda Zoquiapam, on 
the 21st of October, 1866, annulled said decree; but 
that said annulment thereof was secreted by the said 
JMarshal Bazaine for three weeks before the same was 
published, although he, the said Maximilian, sent three 



230 MAXIMILIAN^. 

despatches to the city of Mexico, ordering the said an- 
nulment to be published forthwith. Therefore, upon 
principles of natural justice and the usage of nations, the 
said decree of January 25th, 1862, if ever legal, should 
not have been enforced after the annulment of the said 
decree of Maximilian of October 3d, 1865. 

" 21st. And the said Maximilian hereby declares, as a 
fact, that in no single instance did he ever issue an 
order to take the life of any particular prisoner or 
prisoners ; but that, on the contrary, whenever he was 
informed that prisoners of war were in the possession of 
his forces, he immediately issued orders not to take the 
life of any of them. 

" 22d. And further, as one of the charges preferred 
against him, Maximilian, is, that of contumacy in ob- 
jecting to the jurisdiction of the court ordered to try 
him, he avers that that is a question of laio ; and that 
in every court in civilized nations it is the legal right 
of a defendant to make such objections as he may be by 

counsel advised. 

" Frederic Hall, Of CounseL" 

The foregoing points of defense were prepared on the 
4th of June, and translated into Spanish. The counsel 
from the city of Mexico having arrived on the 5th, those 
points were presented to them for consideration. They 
observed to His Majesty, to the Diplomatic Corps, and 
to myself, that they fully concurred in the foregoing 
opinion. 

On the 6th, Messrs. Ortega and Vasquez filed a peti- 
tion in the nature of a plea to the jurisdiction, wherein 
they set forth that, according to the 128th Art. of the 
Constitution, in case of the observance of that Constitu- 
tion being interrupted by a rebellion, and that the peo- 
ple thereafter should recover their liberty, the re-estab- 
lishment of that instrument should immediately take 



MAXIMILIAN. 281 

place ; that, in accordance "^^'itli its provisions and the 
laws under it, the persons who rebelled against it should 
be tried ; that the defendant, Ferdinand Maximilian, is 
on trial as the head of the rebellious o'overnment formed 
contrary to the Constitution of 1857, and therefore the 
128th should govern. 

That the same Constitution, in treating of the judicial 
power of the Federation, provides in Art. 97, that the 
Federal tribunals are clothed with the power, among 
others, to try those cases in which the Federation is a 
party; that the Federation is a party in all cases in 
which it has an interest ; that it has in no case more 
interest than where the rights of the nation have been 
violated. 

That it is quite clear, according to said Art. 97, and 
Arts. 100, 104, and 105, that the Federal tribunals have 
jurisdiction of the cause of Maximilian. That the Fed- 
eral tribunals are the District, Circuit, and Supreme 
Court, as well as Congress, in certain cases ; that only 
in such courts ought the defendant to be tried, and not 
in any Council of War, either ordinary or extraordi- 
nary. That, according to Art. 13 of the Constitution, 
no person can be tried by private laws, nor by special 
tribunals; that the laws of January 25th, 1862, is a pri- 
vate law, and the Council of War a special tribunal. 
That Art. 23d prohibits the punishment of death for 
political crimes, except against traitors in a foreign war ; 
that the defendant, Maximilian, is a foreigner, and can- 
not be a traitor ; that it is clear that said law of January 
25th, 1862, is contrary to the said Articles 13 and 23 
of the Constitution of 1857. That Art. 29 of that in- 
strument authorizes the suspension of certain guaran- 
tees, but that it is equally clear that it does not extend 
to cases which secure the life of man ; that no extraor- 
dinary faculties could enable the President to enact laws 
contrary to the Constitution ; and that the Constitution 



232 ^JAXIMILIAX. 

can only be changed by a two-third vote of the members 
of Congress, and the approval thereof by a majority of 
the Legislatures of the States. 

The petition, or plea, closes with a prayer that the 
Council of War be declared incompetent to try the de- 
fendant Maximilian, asking that he may be tried by 
the Federal tribunals ; and that if the general in com- 
mand does not wish to take the responsibility of deciding 
the question, that he consult the Supreme Government 
upon that point. 

Such were the principal points of law raised against 
the jurisdiction of the court on the 6th of June ; and the 
same being presented to the commanding general, and 
by him considered, were overruled, and the party ordered 
to trial. 

The Emperor and his counsel were desirous of post- 
poning the trial as long as possible ; but were compelled 
to go to trial on 13th of June. 

On that day, at six o'clock in the morning, fifty 
mounted men of the Gazadores de Galeana (Sharp 
Shooters of Galeana), and fifty infantry of the batallion 
called the Supreme Powers^ formed in front of the door 
of the Convent of Capuchinas. 

At eight o'clock, the Court, dressed in full uniform, 
assembled in the Iturbide Theatre, — a building which 
will contain about fifteen hundred persons. On that 
occasion the house was filled. 

The Court and two of the prisoners occupied the stage. 
At nine o'clock Generals Miramon and Mejia entered a 
carriage and were conducted to the place of the court, 
escorted by the force above mentioned. 

The Emperor was a little unwell, and did not appear 
in court. Had it been necessary he could have gone ; 
but he had too much discretion to make a show of him- 
Belf to a curiosity-seeking crowd. He remai'ked that if 



MAXIMILIAN. 233 

they intended to convict him, they would do it whether 
he was present or absent. 

The President of the Council of War opened the court 
immediately after the arrival of the two aforesaid de- 
fendants, and the Fiscal commenced to read the cause. 
So far as the Emperor's case was concerned, no witnesses 
were introduced by either party. The Fiscal read some 
records of the shooting of General Ateaga and Colonel 
Salasa, who were executed by order of General Mendez, 
at Morelia, in the State of Michoacan, in October, 1865. 
It appears that they tried him for every execution that 
could be thought of which was made under the Empire. 
It certainly will be considered by the world as an an- 
omaly in judicial proceedings. Some printed decrees and 
other documents, purporting to be signed by the Empe- 
ror, were introduced, without any proof that they were 
genuine. This evidence was supported, the Fiscal con- 
tended, by the law that permits the evidence of puhlio 
notoriety to be adduced in proof of the acts of the de- 
fendant. Not a witness was sworn in the case to testify 
upon any point. 

As the three cases were tried together, the reading of 
the charges, documentary evidence, and written argu- 
ments occupied two days. On the second day neither 
of the defendants were in court. 

After the Fiscal had presented his views of the law, 
the opinion of Messrs. Ortega and Yasquez, dated June 
12th, 186 7, with their signatures attached thereto, was 
read. My name will not be found in the record of the 
cause : being a foreigner, the law would not permit me 
to make an appearance in court, nor to file any paper in 
the cause as counsel. But it will be observed that my 
views of the law, laid down in the document written on 
the fourth of June by me, are adopted in the petition, 
or plea, to the jurisdiction of the court, written by Messrs. 
Ortega and Yasquez, on the sixth of June. The same 



284 MAXIMILIAN. 

principles are advanced by them in their written argu- 
ment of the 13th. I will state that it was my intention 
to have written a more lengthy opinion, had I been 
allowed to remain in Queretaro until the termination of 
the trial, and to have sustained my points by references 
to the authorities found in the work of Justice Story on 
the Constitution of the United States, and the decisions 
of the Supreme Court of our country — provided I should 
have been able to obtain them from the United States 
Consul's office in the city of Mexico. What I wrote 
were points briefly stated, as is quite apparent, upon 
which, thereafter, I desired to extend my argument. 
As the Emperor especially desired my humble opinion 
to be sent abroad, that the legal points, if of any value 
in his favor, should be known, although he might be 
convicted by that court ; and inasmuch as I was a for- 
eigner in Mexico, and not allowed to make an appear- 
ance in the cause, I deem it due to myself to make this 
statement as to my position. 

It would be far more in unison with my feelings to in- 
sert herein the written argument of Messrs. Ortega and 
Vasquez ; but its length is the reason rendered for its 
non-appearance. The following is given as embracing, 
in brief, the points of their discussion : 

They presented their objections to the proceedings 
upon the grounds of the unconstitutionality of the 
law of January 25th, 1862, as contained in their plea to 
the jurisdiction of the court on the sixth of June ; that 
there was no proof, either oral or documentary, that 
supported the charges ; that under the legislation of no 
country is a defendant prohibited from presenting any 
objection to the court or proceedings which he may 
think valid in law ; that if he does present them, it is no 
crime, although the decision thereon be against him ; 
that the court is not an inquisition j that, according to 



MAxnriLTAX. 235 

the legislation of Mexico, hearsay testimony is of no value ; 
that such testimony is contrary to the doctrine laid down 
in law 28th, title 16, of the 3d Partidas ; that, according 
to the law of Mexico, two witnesses of good character 
w^ho saw the alleged act committed are required for full 
proof {prueha plenii) ; that proof of public notoriety is 
not allowed when witnesses can be obtained who Avit- 
nessed the commission of the alleged crime. Here coun- 
sel cited the authority of Escriche, under the title " Fa- 
??2a," shoAving that the testimony called that of ^'' puhllc 
notoriety^'' in criminal cases, is of no value ; and that 
Escriche says, " Notoriety, although it ma}^ be proved, 
is not generally full proof, because many times it is false 
and deceiving; as the common laws says, ''^Dictum xmi- 
eus facile sequitur muUitudo.'''' They also quoted the 
following from Ferraris : " Fama regulariter loquendo 

de per se noii facit plenam prohatlonem fac'it 

tamen semiplenam prohatmm in causes civUlhus^ secu^ 
autem in criminalibus, uhi reqidrmitur prohationes in- 
duhitctta et luce meridiana clarioresy Which law clearly 
illustrates that the civil law does not consider public no- 
toriety sufficient in a civil case, and much less in a crim- 
inal one. The same doctrine is supported by Febrero, 
in Lib. 3d, title 2d, chap. 12, num. 108, wherein he says 
that " public notoriety, in criminal causes, is no proof, 
because that ought to be clear as light, conclusive, un- 
doubted, and not to be determined by suspicions." 

The counsel further contended that, by the said law 
of January 25, 1862, in Art. 6, that public notoriety was 
sufficient to institute an inquiry, as provided by the 
General Ordinance of the Army and Law of September 
15, 1857 ; but that said laws do not hold that such testi- 
mony is sufficient to convict a party ; and that, accord- 
ing to Escriche, under title " Callar'''' (to be silent), 
that no one was obliged to accuse himself, and that 
silence is not proof that the alleged charges are true ; 



236 MAXIMILIAJS". 

and that the 55th Article of the Ordinance says, that 
"to sustain the sentence of death, every judge ought to 
recollect that there must be conclusive proof of the 
crime, unless the defendant has confessed the crime." 

That the crime must be proved as alleged, and that 
the criminal intent must also be shown to have existed, 
in order to constitute a crime. 

That the decree of the Emperor, of October 3, 1865, 
would favorably compare with the said law of January 
25, 1862. 

The counsel then referred to the noble example of the 
United States in behalf of Jefferson Davis ; that he had 
been conquered in 1865, and not subjected to an incom- 
petent tribunal for trial ; that when the popular crowd 
of Paris severed the head of Louis XVI., the impartial 
opinion of the world did not approve the act ; that the 
English of the present day do not sustain the execution 
of Charles I. ; and that Charles X. of France, in 1830, 
had his life respected. 

Such is a summary of the points taken by the counsel 
in their written argument for the defence. After which, 
they orally commented upon the case, Mr. Ortega clos- 
ing the discussion. 

On the 14th day of June, the arguments being closed 
in the three cases, the public session was adjourned, and 
a private one opened, for the consideration of the case ; 
and at the end of their deliberation, at eleven o'clock at 
night, a unanimous decision of guilty, with the punish- 
ment of death, was pronounced against each of the de- 
fendants. 

On that night the papers in the cause were passed 
over to the Asesor for his examination, who, on in- 
vestigation thereof, rendered an opinion that the same 
were valid ; whereupon the commanding general, Es- 
cobedo, signified his approval, making the same final. 

In order to have a complete understanding of the 



MAXIMILIAIf. 237 

Emperor's cause, it will be necessary to examine the law 
of January 25th, 1862 ; the decree of the Emperor dated 
October 3d, 1865^; certain parts of the Mexican Consti- 
tution which are applicable to the cause ; the treaty of 
Miramar; and the correspondence between the United 
States and Mexico relative to the preservation of the 
life of Maximilian. 

The placing of the foregoing correspondence as one 
of the documents in the case, may produce a smile from 
the members of the bar; but although it was not pro- 
duced on the trial as evidence in sup^^ort of the issue on 
either side, it w;is so impressed upon the minds of a 
large number of Mexicans, that it was scarcely possible 
to keep it out of the scales of justice. That it had great 
weight in the discussions outside of the coiu't is certain. 
Whether the court was entirely free from its influence 
remains doubtful. 

It created so much excitement and discussion through- 
out Mexico, in connection with the fate of Maximilian, 
that it was considered proper and convenient to include 
it herein, so that the reader might not be compelled to 
look elsewhere to obtain a correct idea of its tenor. 

Neither was the treaty of Miramar adduced as evi- 
dence ; but it might have been an important feature, as 
showing, in respect to the direct acts of French officers, 
a want of criminal intention or injustice on the part of 
the Emperor in connection therewith, when they shielded 
themselves under that treaty in committing acts wholly 
at variance w^th his wishes. 

The laws, treaty, and correspondence referred to, are 
the folio win Gc : 

PEOCLAMATIO]Sr OF H. M. THE EMPEROR. 

" Mexicans ! — The cause which J). Benito Juarez de- 
fended w^ith so much valor and constancy, has already 
succumbed under the force, not only of the national 



238 MAXIMILIAX. 

will, but also of the very law which that otlicer invoked 
in support of his pi'etensions. To-day, even the fiiction 
into which the said cause degenerated, is abandoned, by 
the departure of its chief from the native soil. 

"The National Government for a long time was 
lenient, and exercised great clemency, in order to give 
the chance to misled and misinformed men to rally to 
the majority of the nation, and to place themselves anew 
in the path of duty. It has fulfilled its object ; the 
honorable men have assembled under its banner, and 
have accepted the just and liberal principles which regu- 
late its politics. The disorder is only maintained by 
some leaders carried away by unpatriotic passions, and 
assisted by demoralized persons who cannot reach to th^ 
level of political principles, and by an unprincipled sol- 
diery, the last and sad remnants of the civil wars. 

" Hereafter the contest will only be between the hon- 
orable men of the nation and the gangs of criminals and 
robbers. Clemency will cease now, for it would only 
profit the mob, who burn villages, rob and murder peace- 
ful citizens, poor old men, and defenceless women. 

" The Government, resting on its power, from this day 
will be inflexible in its punishments, since the laws of 
civilization, the rights of humanity, and the exigencies 
of morality demand it. 

" Maximilian. 
" Mexico, October 2d, 1865." 

" Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico. Having heard our 
Council of Ministers and our Council of State, We De- 
cree : 

"Art. 1. All persons belonging to armed bands or 
corps not legally authorized, whether they proclaim or 
not any political principles, and whatever be the number 
of those who compose the said bands, their organiza- 
tion, character, and denomination, shall be tried mili- 



MAXisnLiAir. 239 

tarily by the courts-martial, and if found guilty even 
of the only fact of belonging to the band, they shall be 
condemned to capital punishment within twenty-four 
hours following the sentence. 

" Art. 2. Those who, belonging to the bands men- 
tioned in the previous article, shall be captured with 
arms in their hands, shall be tried by the officer of the 
force which has captured them ; and he shall, within a 
delay never extending over twenty-hours after the said 
capture, make a verbal inquest of the offence, hearing 
the defence of the prisoner. Of this inquest he shall 
draw an act, closing with the sentence, which must be 
to capital punishment, if the accused is found guilty, 
even if only of the fact of belonging to the band. The 
officer shall have the sentence executed within the tAventy- 
four hours aforesaid, seeing that the criminal receive 
spiritual assistance. The sentence having been executed, 
the officers shall forward the act of inquest to the Min- 
ister of War. 

"Akt. 3. From the penalty established in the pre- 
ceding Articles, shall only be exempted those who, hav- 
ing done nothing more than being with the band, will 
prove that they were made to join it by force, or did 
not belong to it, but were found accidentally in it. 

"Art. 4. If, from the inquest mentioned in Article 
2d, facts are elicited which induce the officer holding it 
to believe that the prisoner was made to join the band 
by force, without having committed any other crime, or 
that he was found accidentally in it, without belonging 
to it, the said officer shall abstain from passing sentence, 
and he shall send the accused, with the respective act of 
inquest, to the proper court-martial, in order that the 
trial be proceeded with by the latter, in conformity with 
Article 1st. 

" Art. 5. Shall be tried and sentenced conformably 
with Article 1st of this law: 



240 MAXIMILIAIC. 

" 1. All those wlio will voluntarily assist the guerrille- 
ros with money or any other means whatever. 

" 2. Those who will give them advice, information, 
or counsels. 

" 3. Those who voluntarily, and knowing that they 
are guerrilleros, will put within their reach or sell them 
arms, horses, ammunition, subsistence, or any articles of 
war whatever. 

" Akt. 6. Shall be also tried conformably with the 
said Article 1st: 

" 1. Those who will hold with the guerrilleros such 
relations as infer connivance with them. 

" 2. Those who voluntarily and knowingly will con- 
ceal them in their houses or estates. 

" 3. Those who, by words or writing, will spread 
fjxlse or alarming reports, by which public order may be 
disturbed, or will make against it any kind of demon- 
stration whatever. 

" 4. All owners or administrators of rural estates who 
will not give promjjt notice to the nearest authority of 
the passage of some band through the same estates. 

"Those included in paragraphs 1st and 2d of this 
Article, shall be punished by imprisonment from six 
months to two years, or by hard labor from one to 
three years, according to the gravity of the case. 

" Those who, being included in paragraph 2d, Avere the 
ascendants, descendants, spouses, or brothers of the party 
concealed by them, shall not suffer the penalty afore- 
said; but they shall remain subject to the vigilance of 
the authorities during the time the court-martial will fix. 

"Those included in paragraph 3d of this Article, 
shall be punished by a fine of from $25 to 11,000, or 
by imprisonment from one month to one year, accord- 
ing to the gravity of the offence. 

"Those included in paragraph 4th of this Article, 
shall be punished by a fine of from $200 to $2,000, 



MAXIMILIA15r, 241 

" Art. 7. The local authorities of the villages who 
shall not give notice to their immediate superiors of 
the passage through their villages of armed men, sliall 
be ministeriallj^ punished by the said superiors, by a 
fine of from $200 to $2,000, or by seclusion from three 
months to two years. 

" Art, 8. Whatever resident of a village who, hav- 
ing information of the proximity or passage of armed 
men by the village, shall not give notice of it to the au- 
thorities, shall suffer a fine of from $5 to |500. 

"Art. 9. All residents of a village threatened by 
any gang, who are between the ages of eighteen and 
fifty-five years and have no physical disability, are 
obliged to present themselves for the common defence, 
as soon as called, and for failing to do so, they shall be 
punished by a fine of from |5 to $200, or by imprison- 
ment of fifteen days to four months. If the authorities 
think more proper to punish the village for not having 
defended itself, they may impose upon it a fine of from 
$200 to $2,000, and the said fine shall be paid by all 
those together, who, being in the category prescribed 
by this Article, did not present themselves for common 
defence. 

"Art. 10. All owners or administrators of rural es- 
tates, who, being able to defend themselves, will not 
prevent the entrance in the said estates of guerrilleros or 
other malefactors ; or, after these have entered, will not 
give immediate information of it to the nearest military 
authority; or will receive on the estates the tired or 
wounded horses of the gangs, without notifying the said 
authority of the fact, shall be punished for it by a fine 
of $100, according to the importance of the case ; and 
if it is of great gravity, they shall be put in prison and 
sent to the court-martial, to be tried by the latter con- 
formably with the law. The fine shall be paid to the 
principal Administration of Rents, to which the estate 

11 



242 MAXIMILIA]S". 

"belongs. The provision of the first part of this Article 
is applicable to the populations. 

*'Art. 1L Whatever authorities, whether political, 
military, or municipal, shall abstain from proceeding, 
in conformity with the provisions of this law, against 
parties suspected or known to have committed the of- 
fences provided for in said law, shall be ministerially 
punished by a fine of from |50 to $1,000; and, if it ap- 
pears that the fault w^as of such nature as to import 
complicity with the criminals, the said authorities shall 
be submitted, by order of the Government, to the court- 
martial, to be tried by the latter, and punished accord- 
ing to the gravity of the ofience, 

"Art. 12. Thieves shall be tried and sentenced in 
conformity with Article 1st of this law, whatever may 
be the nature and circumstances of the theft. 

"Art. 13. The sentences of death, pronounced for 
offences provided for by this law, shall be executed 
within the delays prescribed in it ; and it is prohibited 
that any demands for pardon be gone through. 

" If the sentence is not of death, and the criminal is a 
foreigner, even after its execution, the Government may 
use toward him the faculty it has to expel from the ter- 
ritory of the nation all obnoxious strangers. 

"Art. 14. Amnesty is granted to all those who 
may have belonged and may still belong to armed bands, 
if they present themselves to the authorities before the 
fifteenth of ISTovember next; provided they have not 
committed any other offences subsequently to the date 
of the present law. The authorities will receive the 
arms of those who will present themselves to accept the 
amnesty. 

"Art. 15. The Government reserves the faculty to 
declare when the provisions of this law will cease. 

" Each one of our Ministers is charged with the exe- 
cution of this law in the part whicli concerns him, 



MAXIMILIAN. 243 

and will give the necessary orders for its strict observ- 
ance. 

" Given at the Palace of Mexico, on the 3d of Octo- 
ber, 1865. 

" Maximiliax. 

" The Minister of Foreign Affairs, charged with the 
Ministry of State. 

"Jose E. Ramikez." 

LAW OF JUAREZ. 

" Minister of Government : 

" The Citizen President of the Republic has been 
pleased to transmit me the decree which follows : 

" Benito Juarez, Constitutional President of the 
United States of Mexico, to its Inhabitants — Know ye : 

" That in use of the ample faculties with which I iind 
myself invested, I have decreed the following law to 
punish crimes against the nation, against order, public 
peace, and individual guaranties : 

Art. I. Among the crimes against the independence 
and security of the nation are comprised : 

" 1st. The armed invasion of the territory of the Re- 
public by foreigners and Mexicans, or by the former 
alone, not preceded by a declaration of Avar on the part 
of the power to which they belong. 

" 2d. The voluntary service of Mexicans in the for- 
eign troops of the enemy, whatever be the character in 
which they accompany them. 

" 3d. The invitation, made by Mexicans or by foreign 
residents in the Republic, to subjects of other powers to 
invade the national territory, or to change the form of 
government which has been given to the Republic, what- 
ever may be the pretext under which it is done. 

" 4th. Any kind of complicity to excite or prepare 
the invasion, or to favor its realization and end. 



244 MAXIMILIAJ5". 

" 5th. In case of an invasion being made, to contribute 
in any manner by which, in the places occupied by the 
invader, may be organized any shadow of a government, 
voting, forming meetings, making laws, accepting em- 
ployment or commissions, be it from the invader him- 
self or from other persons delegated by him. 

" Art. 2. Amono; the crimes ao-ainst the laws of na- 
tions, the punishment of which belongs to the nation to 
impose, are comprehended : 

" 1st. Piracy, and the trafiic of slaves in the waters 
of the Republic. 

" 2d. The same crimes, although they may not be 
committed in the same waters, if the criminals are Mex- 
icans, or if, in case of their being foreigners, they should 
be legitimately consigned to the authorities of the 
country. 

" rSd. The attempt to take the lives of foreign Min- 
isters. 

" 4th. To induce citizens of the Republic, without 
the knowledge and license of the Republican Gov- 
ernment, to serve another power, or to invade its ter- 
ritory. 

" 5th. To entice or invite citizens of the Republic to 
unite with foreigners Avho intend to invade, or who may 
have invaded the territory. 

" Akt. 3. Among the crimes against public peace 
and order, are comprised : 

" 1st. Rebellion against the political institutions, 
whether proclaiming their abolition or reform. 

" 2d. Rebellion against the legitimately established 
authorities. 

" 3d. To attempt to take the life of the supreme chief 
of the nation, or that of the Ministers of State. 

" 4th. To attempt to take the life of any of the Rep- 
resentatives of the nation, in the place of their sessions. 

" 5th. A seditious rising up, denying any proper de- 



MAXIMILIAX. 245 

cree of the authority, or asking that any particular law 
may be issued, omitted, revoked, or altered. 

" 6th. The formal disobedience of any authority, civil 
or military, to the orders of the supreme magistrate of 
the nation, transmitted through the channels which the 
laws of the ordinance of the army may designate. 

" 7th. Public riots and disturbances, caused intention- 
ally, with premeditation or without it, wlien they liaA^e 
for their object disobedience or insults to the authori- 
ties, perpetrated by tumultuous meetings, with the in- 
tent to use force against any persons or the property of 
any citizen ; contumelious shouting ; introducing one's 
self violently into any public or private edifice ; tearing 
down decrees from the places in whicli they are lixed 
for the information of the, people ; fixing in the same 
places subversive proclamations or pasquinades, which 
may in any manner incite the disobedience of any hxw 
or governmental order, which may have been ordered 
to be observed. In any of the cases referred to, to force 
the prisons, to carry arms and distribute them, to ha- 
rangue the multitude, to ring the bells, and all those ac- 
tions manifestly directed to augment the tumult, will be 
aQ:oTavatin2: circumstances. 

" Sth. To fix in any public place, to distribute and to 
communicate openly and clandestinely a copy of any 
true or false order which is directed to impede the ful- 
filment of any supreme order. To order such publica- 
tions made, and to co-operate with those that may be 
made, recalling their contents in places where people are 
assembled, or to clothe them in offensive and disrespect- 
ful expressions against the authorities. 

" 9th. Breaking out of prison, or place of exile or con- 
finement, in which may have been placed by legitimate 
authority any citizen of the Republic, or the violation 
of the banishment imposed on those wlio are not citi- 
zens; as well as military men, who absent themselves 



246 MAXIMILIAX. 

from their quarters, station, or residence, wliicli may 
have been designated by competent authority. 

"10th. To assume the supreme power of the nation ; 
that of the States or Territories ; that of the districts, 
partidos, and municipalities, acting by their own author- 
ity, or by commission from that authority which may 
not be legitimate. 

" 11th. Conspiracy, which is the act of a few or many 
persons uniting together, with the object of opposing 
obedience to the laws or the fulfilment of the orders of 
the recognized authorities. 

"12th. Complicity in any of the aforesaid crimes, by 
concurring in their perpetration in an indirect mode, by 
aidinof in o-ivins; information to the enemies of the nation 

O O O 

or Government, especially if those who reveal said in- 
formation are public employees ; by administering re- 
sources to the seditious persons or foreign enemy, 
whether of arms, provisions, money, baggage, or imped- 
ing those which the Government may have ; by serving 
the same enemies as spies, post-carriers, or agents of any 
kind, the object of Avhich may be to favor their under- 
taking or those of the invaders, or that the disturbers 
of the public tranquillity may realize their plans by 
spreading alarming and false news, or which may 
weaken public enthusiasm by surmising facts contrary 
to the honor of the Republic, or comments on them in a 
manner disfavorable to the interests of the country. 

"Art. 4. Among the crimes against individual guar- 
anties are comprised : 

" 1st. Plagiarism of the citizens or inhabitants of the 
Republic, in order to require them to pay a ransom. 
The sale, which may be made of them, or the forced let- 
ting of their services or work. 

" 2d. Violence exercised against persons with the ob- 
ject of disposing of their goods and rights, which legiti- 
mately constitute their property. 



MAXIMILTAX. 247 

" 3d. The attack, by armed hand, on said persons in the 
cities or uninhabited places, although the capture of said 
persons or their goods may not result through such attack. 

"Akt. 5. Every citizen of the Republic has the right 
to accuse, before the authority established by law to 
judge the crimes by it exjDressed, any individual who 
may have committed any of said crimes. 

"Art. 6. The respective military authority is the 
only one competent to try the crimes specified in this 
law ; for that effect, as soon as said authority has know- 
ledge that any of said crimes have been committed, 
Avhether by public notoriety, by complaint or accusa- 
tion, or by any other manner, it will proceed to make 
the proper examination according to the General Ordi- 
nance of the Army, and the Law of the 15th of Septem- 
ber, 1857; and the cause, when stated, will be adjudi- 
cated before the Ordinary Council of War, whatever 
may be the category, employment, or commission of the 
person prosecuted. In places where there are no mili- 
tary commanders, or generals-in-chief, the governors of 
the States Avill act in their stead. 

" Art. 7. The procedure will be prepared ready for 
the defence by the Fiscal within sixty hours ; and in the 
space of twenty-four thereafter the defence will be com- 
pleted : then the Council of War will immediately as- 
semble. 

" Art. 8. Whenever a sentence of the Ordinary Coun- 
cil of War shall have been confirmed by the respective 
military commander, general-in-chief, or governor, as 
the case may be, it will be executed immediately with- 
out further recourse, and as is provided for in time of 
war or in a state of siege. 

" Art. 9. In crimes against the nation, order, the pub- 
lic peace, and individual guaranties, which have been 
specified in this law, an appeal for pardon is not ad- 
missible. 



248 MAXIMILIAlSr. 

"Aet. 10. The militaiy Asesoi-s, appointed by the 
Supreme Government, will necessarily be present in the 
Ordinary Council of War, as is provided in the Law of 
the 15th of September, 1857, in order to give his opinion 
to the members of said Comicil of War. The judgment 
which they may give to the military commandei^, 
generals-in-chief, or governors, legally founded, must be 
executed in conformity with the circular of the 6th of 
October, 1860, since the necessary Asesors are, in fact, 
responsible for the advice which they may give. 

"Art. 11. The Generals-in-chief, Militaiy Command- 
ers, or Govern oi-s, on whom is incumbent the exact ful- 
filment of this law, and their Asesors, will be person- 
ally responsible for any omission they should incur by 
their action in the national service. 

PENALTIES. 

"Art. 12. The invasion made into the territory of 
the Republic, which is spoken of in Fraction 1, Art. 1, 
of this law, and the service of Mexicans among foreign 
troops of the enemy, which are spoken of in Fraction 2, 
will be punished with the penalty of death. 

" Art. 13. The invitation made to invade the territoiy, 
w^hich is spoken of in Fractions 3 and 4 of Art. 1, will 
be punished with the penalty of death. 

"Art. 14. The captains of vessels engaged in piracy 
or the commerce of slaves, spoken of in Fractions 1 and 
2 of Art. 2, will be punished with the penalty of death; 
the other individuals of the crew will be condemned to 
hard labor for the term of ten years. 

"Art. 15. Those who shall invite or decoy citizens 
of the Republic for the ends expressed in Fractions 
4 and 5 of Art. 2, will suffer the penalty -of five yeai^ 
imprisonment : if the deception or invitation should be 
made in order to invade the territory of the Republic, 
the penalty will be death. 



MAXIMILlAiN. 249 

"Art. 16. Tliosc ^vho shall attempt to take i\\e life 
of the Supreme Chief of the nation, wounding liim in 
any manner, or only threatening him. with arms, will 
(suffer the penalty of death. If the threat is without 
arms, and it is done in public, the penalty will be eight 
years imprisonment ; if it is done by private acts, the 
2";enalty will be seclusion for four years. 

"Art. 17. Those who shall attempt to take the life 
of the Ministers of State, or that of the Foreign Min- 
isters, with a knowledge of their rank, and should 
wound them, shall suffer the penalty of death ; and if 
they should only threaten with arms, the penalty shall 
be ten years imprisonment. It being understood al- 
ways, that said Ministers have not been the first ag- 
gressors in fact, because in such cases the crime shall be 
considered and adjudged according to the common laws 
on quarrels. 

"Art. 18. The attempt against the life of the Repre- 
sentatives of the nation, which is spoken of in Fraction 
4 of Art. 2, shall be punished with tlie penalty of death, 
provided the Representative be wounded ; if he should 
only be threatened with arms, the penalty shall be from 
five to eight years imprisonment, according to the dis- 
cretion of the judge : it being understood always, that 
the said Representative may not have been the first 
aggressor, in which case the crime will be considered 
and adjudged in conformity with the common law on 
quarrels. 

"Art. 19. The crimes which are spoken of in Frac- 
tions 1, 2, and 5 of Art. 3, shall be punished with the 
penalty of death. 

" Art. 20. The formal disobedience, which is spoken 
of in Fraction 6 of Art. 3, shall be punished with the loss 
of employment and salary, which the guilty party may 
obtain, and four years hard labor ; provided always that 
by such disobedience no losses should have resulted to 

11* 



250 , MAXIMILIA25". 

the nation, in which case it will be taken in account to 
augment the punishment, at the discretion of the judge. 

" Akt. 21. Those who prepare the public riots and 
disturbances, spoken of in Fraction 7 of Art. 3, and 
those who join them, on the terms expressed in said 
fraction, or other similar ones, shall suffer the penalty 
of ten years imprisonment, or of death, in case aggra- 
vating circumstances should occur, referred to at the 
end of said fraction, being besides liable to respond with 
their property for the damages which individually they 
may have caused. 

Art. 22. Those who may have committed the crimes 
spoken of in fraction 8 of Art. 3d will suffer the penalty 
of six years imprisonment. 

Aet. 23. Those who escape from imprisonment, to 
which they may have been reduced by legitimate au- 
thority, shall suffer double the term of their penalty ; 
and if a second time repeated, punishment of death shall 
be inflicted ; which shall in like manner be applied to 
foreigners who, once expelled from the national territory, 
should return without permission of the Supreme Gov- 
ernment. Military men absenting themselves from the 
barracks, place of employment, or residence, which may 
have been designated for them, shall suffer the loss of 
their employment and four years imprisonment. 

" Art. 24. Those who assume the public powers, spoken 
of in Fraction 10 of Art. 3d, shall suffer the penalty of 
death. 

" Art. 25. The crime of conspiracy, spoken of in frac- 
tion 11 of Art. 3d, shall be punished with the penalty 
of death. 

"Art. 26. Those who, in the perpetration of the 
crimes spoken of in Fraction 12 of Art. 3d, by aid- 
ing in giving news to the enemies of the nation or Gov- 
ernment, by furnishing resources to the seditious or to 
the foreign enemy, whether of arms, provisions, money. 



MAXIMILIAlSr. 251 

baggage, or by impeding tbeir possession by the author- 
ities ; or by serving the enemies as spies, mail-carriers, 
guides, or as agents of any class whatever, the object 
of which should be to favor the undertaking of said per- 
sons, or of the invaders, shall suffer the death penalty. 
Those who shall spread false or alarming news, or shall 
weaken public enthusiasm, by surmising facts contrary to 
the honor of the Rei^ublic, or commenting in a disfavor- 
able manner on the interests of the country, shall suffer 
the penalty of eight years imprisonment. 

"Art. 27. Those who commit the crimes specified in 
fractions 1, 2 and 3 of Art. 4th, shall suffer the penalty 
of death. 

Art. 28. The criminals who shall be caught in fla- 
grante delicto in any action of the war, or who shall 
have committed those crimes specified in the foregoing 
article, shall be identified, and they shall be immediately 
executed. 

GENERAL DISPOSITIONS. 

"Art. 29. The receivers of stolen proj^erty in unin- 
habited places shall suffer the penalty of death ; those 
offending in like manner in populated places shall be 
punished by six years hard labor. 

"Art. 30. The individuals Avho have in their posses- 
sion munition arms, and shall not have delivered them 
according to the disposition contained in the decree of 
the 25th of last month, if they do not give them up 
within eight days after the publication of the present 
law shall, in case of their being Mexicans, be treated as 
traitors, and as such shall receive the j^unishment of 
death ; but if they are foreigners, they shall be impris- 
oned for ten years. 

"Art. 31. The chiefs and officers of the National 
Guard who may have been called into service by virtue 
of this law, shall receive their pay from the Federal 



252: MAXIMIMA?r. 

treasury dunDg the time of the commission which may 
have heen given them. 

" Wherefore, I order that this law be printed, published, 
and observed. 

" National Palace of Mexico, the twenty-fifth day of 
January, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two. 

"Benito Juakez. 
" To Citizen Manuel, Dollado, 

" Minister of Relations and Government^'' 

TREATY OF MIRAMAR. 

" Napoleon, by the grace of God and the national 
will. Emperor of the French, to all who shall see these 
presents, Greeting: 

"A convention, followed by additional secret articles, 
was concluded on the 10th of April, 1864, between 
France and Mexico, for the purpose of regulating the 
condition of the French troops stationed in Mexico. 

CONVENTIOlSr AND ADDITIOISTAL SECRET ARTICLES, THE 
TENOR OF WHICH IS AS FOLLOWS *. 

"The Governments of H. M. the Emperor of Mexico, 
and of H. M. the Emperor of the French, animated by 
an equal desire to assure the establishment of order in 
Mexico, and consolidate the new Empire, have resolved 
to regulate, by means of a convention, the condition of 
the French troops stationed in that country, and for 
that purpose have appointed as their plenipotentiaries : 
H. M. the Emperor of the French, M. Charles Franyois 
Edouard Herbert, Minister Plenipotentiary of the first 
class. Councillor of State, Director in the Ministry for 
Foreign AflJairs, Grand Ofiicer of His Imperial Order of 
the Legion of Honor, etc., etc. ; H. M. the Emperor of 
Mexico, M. Joaquin Yelazquez de Leon, His Minister of 
State without the portfolio {sans porte-feuille') ^ Grand 



:»tAXiMiLiAif. 253 

Officer of the distinguished Order of Our Lady of 
Guadalupe, etc. etc. 

" Who, after mutually commuuicating their full and 
written powers, found in good and due form, have agreed 
upon the following articles : 

" Art. 1. The French troops actually in Mexico shall 
be reduced as soon as possible to a strength of 25,000 
men, including the foreign legion. 

" In order that the army may serve as a safeguard to 
the interests w^hich have caused the Intervention, it will 
remain in Mexico temporarily, under the conditions 
stipulated in the following articles : 

" Art. 2. The French troops will evacuate Mexico as 
soon as the Emperor of Mexico shall be able to organize 
the necessary troops to replace them. 

" Art. 3. The forei2:n leo-ion in the service of France, 
composed of 8,000 men, shall, how^ever, remain in Mex- 
ico for the term of six years after all the French troops 
are called home, in conformity with Article 2. 

" The said legion w^ill pass immediately into the ser- 
vice of the Mexican Government, and will be paid by 
the same. The Mexican Government reserves to itself 
the right to shorten the period during which it will em- 
ploy the foreign legion in Mexico. 

" Art. 4. The points of territory w^hich will be occu- 
pied by the French troops, as well as the military ex- 
peditions of these troops, if they take place, shall be 
determined by common accord, and directly between 
II. M. the Emperor of Mexico and the Commander-in- 
chief of the French army. 

" Art. 5. In all points where the garrison is not ex- 
clusively composed of Mexican troops, the military com- 
mand will belong to the French commander, 

" In case of combined French and Mexican expe- 
ditions, the command shall likewise appertain to the 
French officer. 



254 MAXIMILIAX. 

" Art. 6. The French commander shall have no right 
to intervene in any branch of the Mexican Administra- 
tion. 

"Akt. 7. During the time the requirements of the 
French army necessitate every two months a service of 
transports between France and the port of Vera Cruz, 
the expenses of such service, fixed at the sum of 400,000 
francs for every voyage (going out and returning), shall 
be reimbursed by the Mexican Government, and paid in 
Mexico. 

" Art. 8. The naval stations w^hich France possesses 
in the West Indies and in the Pacific Ocean shall fre- 
quently send men-of-war carrying the French flag into 
the ports of Mexico. 

" Art. 9. The expenses of the French expedition to 
Mexico, which the Mexican Government is obligated to 
reimburse, have been fixed at the sum of two hundred 
and seventy millions for the whole duration of the ex- 
pedition until the 1st of July, 1864. Said sum to bear 
interest at the rate of three per cent, per annum. After 
the 1st of July, 1864, all expenses of the Mexican army 
will be defrayed by Mexico. 

" Art. 10. The indemnity which the Mexican Gov- 
ernment obligates itself to pay to France for expenses, 
salaries, keeping and maintaining the troops of the army, 
commencing on the 1st of July, 1864, is fixed at the 
sum of one thousand francs for every man per annum. 

" Art. 11. The Mexican Government will immediately 
remit to the French Government the sum of sixty-six 
millions francs in bonds of the loan at their emission 
value, and of w^hich amount will be applied — fifty-four 
millions on account of the debt mentioned in Art. 9, 
and twelve millions on account of indemnities due to 
the French in virtue of Art. 14 of the present conven- 
tion. 

"Art. 12. For the payment of other war expenses 



:maximilian. 255 

and for the extinction of the charges mentioned in Art. 
7, 10, and 14, the Mexican Government binds itself to 
l^ay annually to France the sum of 25 millions in cash. 

The payment shall be applied as follows : 

1st. Towards liquidating sums due in virtue of Art. 
1 and 10. 

2d. Paying off amount of interest and capital of the 
sum, as stipulated in Art. 9. 

3d. For indemnities due to French subjects, in virtue 
of Art. 14 and the following: 

"Art. 13. The Mexican Government will deliver in 
Mexico, on the last day of every month, to the Paymas- 
ter-General of the army, the necessary sum to cover the 
expenses of the French troops Avho shall have remained 
in Mexico, in conformity with Art. 10. 

"Art. 14. The Mexican Government binds itself to 
indemnify French subjects for losses which they unjustly 
may have sustained, and which may have been caused 
by the expedition. 

"Art. 15. A mixed commission, composed of three 
Frenchmen and three Mexicans, nominated by their re- 
spective governments, shall meet at Mexico within three 
months, for the purpose of examining into and regulating 
those reclamations. 

"Art. 16. A revising commission, composed of two 
Frenchmen and two Mexicans, appointed in the same 
manner, and who w^ill reside in Paris, shall proceed with 
the definite liquidation of the reclamations previously 
admitted by the commission as designated in the last 
article, and will pronounce upon those submitted to their 
decision. 

Art. 17. The French Government will place at liberty 
all Mexican prisoners of w^ar, as soon as H. M. the Em- 
j3eror of Mexico shall have entered his States. 

"Art. is. The present convention shall be ratified, 
and the ratifications exchanged as soon as possible. 



258 MAXIMILIAN. 

" Given at tlie Palace of Miramar, on the 10th of 
April, 1864. 

(Signed) " Velazquez, 

" Herbert." 

To this treaty have been added the following three 
secret clauses, which are conceived in the following 
terms : 

ADDITIONAL SECRET ARTICLES. 

" H. M, the Emperor of the French and H. M. the 
Emperor of Mexico, desiring by additional secret clauses 
to this Convention, to explain in a complete manner their 
reciprocal intentions, and to clearly stipulate that, not- 
withstanding the events that might arise in Europe, the 
assistance of France will be given to the new Empire, 
have appointed for that purpose as their plenipotentia- 
ries, namely : H. M. the Emperor of the French, M. 
Charles Fran9ois Edouard Herbert, etc., etc. ; and H. 
M. the Emperor of Mexico, M. Joaquin Velazquez de 
Leon, etc., etc. ; who, after mutually communicating 
their full and written powers, found in good and due, 
form, have agreed upon the following articles, viz. : 

"Art. 1. H, M. the Emperor of Mexico, approving of 
the principles and promises as set forth in the proclama- 
tion of General Forey, dated June 12, 1863, as well as 
of the measures adopted by the Regency and by the 
French General-in-chief in conformity with said procla- 
mation, has resolved to make known to his people his 
intentions regarding the same. 

" Art. 2. On the other hand, H. M. the Emperor of 
the French declares that the actual effective force of the 
French army of 38,000 men shall, gradually only, be 
reduced every year, in such a manner that the French 
troops who will remain in Mexico, and inclusive of the 
Foreiofn Leo-ion, shall be : 



maxuiuja:^. 


"28,000 


men in 


1865; 


25,000 


do. 


1866; 


20,000 


do. 


1867. 



257 



" Art. 3. As soon as the Foreign Legion, in conformi- 
ty with the terms of Art. 3 of said Convention, passes 
into the service of Mexico, and is paid by it, as said 
Legion will continue to serve a cause in w^hich France 
is interested, the general and the officers serving therein 
shall retain their nationality of Frenchmen, and their 
rights to advancement in the French army, according to 
the law. 

"Given at the Palace of Miramar, on the 10th of 
April, 1864. 

(Signed) " Herbert, 

" Velazquez." 

" After perusal and examination of this Convention, 
accompanied by additional secret articles, we have ap- 
proved and do herewith approve it, in all and every one 
of the dispositions which they contain. AV^e declare the 
same accepted, ratified, and confirmed, and promise its 
inviolable observance. 

" In virtue of which, we give the present, signed by 
our own hand, and to which is affixed our Imperial seal. 

" Given at the Palace of the Tuileries, on the 11th of 
April, of the year of grace, 1864. 

" Nap OLE ox. 

" By the Emperor, 

" Drouyx de Lhuys." 

" New Orleans, April 6th, 1867. 
"Sir: 

" For reasons which are doubtless well understood 
by you, it has not been in my power to present formerly 
to His Excellency, President Juarez, my letters of cre- 
dence as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipoten- 



258 MAXIMILIAN. 

tiar}^ of the United States to the Republic of Mexico. 
The instructions of October last, under which I started 
on my mission, gave me a discretionary power in a cer- 
tain contingency to establish my official residence tem- 
porarily at any place in the United States, or elsewhere 
near the frontier or coast of Mexico. For causes not 
necessary herein to be explained, I left Matamoras and 
came to this city in December last, since which time, 
under instructions from the Secretary of State, it has 
been the place of my official abode. The Government 
of the United States has observed with much satisfac- 
tion the withdrawal of the French expeditionary forces 
in Mexico, and the advance of the armies of the Consti- 
tutional Government toward the Capital of the Republic. 
This satisfaction has been recently disturbed by the re- 
ports it has received in regard to the severity practised 
on the prisoners of war taken by your armies at Zaca- 
tecas. Its fears, too, have been thereby excited that in 
the event of the capture of the Prince Maximilian, and 
the forces under him, this severity might be repeated. 
I have this day received by telegraph a dispatch from 
the Secretary of State, instructing me to express to His 
Excellency, President Juarez, these apprehensions in 
the most expeditious manner. Therefore, I communi- 
cate them by special bearer of dispatches. The Govern- 
ment of the United States has sincerely sympathized 
with the Republic of Mexico, and feels a deep interest 
in its success. But I have to express the belief that a 
repetition of the reported severities referred to, would 
shock its sensibilities and check the current of its sym- 
pathies. It is believed that such acts to prisoners of 
war as are reported, cannot elevate the character of the 
Mexican States in the estimation of civilized people, and 
may tend to bring into disrepute the cause of Repub- 
licanism, and retard its progress everywhere. The Gov- 
ernment instructs me to make known to President Jua- 



MAXIMILIAX. 259 

rez, promptly and earnestly, its desire, that in case of 
the capture of the Prince Maximilian, and his supporters, 
that they may receive the humane treatment accorded 
by civilized nations to prisoners of war. I have the 
honor to be, very respectfully, 

" Your Excellency's most obedient servant, 

"Lewis D. Campbell. 

" To his Excellency S. Lerdo D. Tejada, 
Minister of Foreign Affairs of the 
United Mexican States, San Luis Po- 
tosi, Mexico. 

" San Luis Potosi, Mexico, April 22d, 1867. 

" Sir: I had the honor, yesterday, to receive the com- 
munication which you sent me from New Orleans on 
the 6th inst. You were pleased to inform me in it that, 
for reasons which are understood, you have not come to 
present your credentials as Envoy Extraordinary and 
Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States of America, 
near the Republic of Mexico, and that you have re- 
mained in Xew Orleans since December last. The 
Government of the Republic regrets that those reasons 
should have prevented you from coming to present your 
credentials in order to commence your official relations, 
since it would be very satisfactory for the Government 
to receiv^e you in your character as representative of the 
United States. 

" You were also pleased to inform me that the satis- 
faction with which the Government of the United States 
had seen the withdrawal of the French forces from Mex- 
ico, and the advance of the armies of the Constitutional 
Government toward the Capital, has been disturbed by 
information received concerning the severity with which 
the prisoners of war taken at San Jacinto were treated. 
You also mentioned that it was the desire of the Gov- 



2G0 MAXIMILIAN. 

orniiieiit of the United States that, in case Maximilian 
and his partisans were captured, they should be treated 
humanely as prisoners of war, 

" The enemies of the Republic, desiring to produce an 
unfavorable impression concerning the same, have en- 
deavored to falsify the facts and spread inaccurate infor- 
mation as to the care of the prisoners of San Jacinto. 
The greater part of them, a considerable number, were 
pardoned, and the punishment which the chief of the 
Kepublican forces meted out to some of them was upon 
the ground that they were not simply prisoners of war, 
but violators of the law of nations and the laws of 
the Republic. They had abandoned themselves to all 
kinds of excesses and crimes in the city of Zacatecas, 
because they were fighting like filibusters, without coun- 
try, without flag, and as mercenaries paid to shed the 
blood of Mexicans, who defend their independence and 
their institutions. 

" Xo small number of those foreigners taken at San 
Jacinto were conducted to Zacatecas, where they have 
been treated with much benevolence ; and those taken in 
Jalisco have been treated in the same manner, whose 
acts had not so many aggravating circumstances of 
especial culpability. 

"The invariable conduct of the Government of the 
Republic, and that which the chiefs of its forces have 
observed generally, has been to respect life, and to treat 
with the greatest consideration the prisoners taken from 
the French forces; while on their part, and even by 
order of their chiefs, the prisoners which they took from 
the Republican forces were frequently assassinated. 
Many times, without the obligation of exchange, prison- 
ers taken from the French forces have been generously 
set at liberty. 

" Many of the principal chiefs of the French forces or- 



MAXIMILIAN. 261 

dered entire towns to be burnt down; others were deci- 
niMted by what were called court-martials ; and some- 
times, for a simple suspicion, without tlie appearance of 
a trial, they killed defenceless and aged persons who 
Avere unable to bear arms against them. Notwithstand- 
ing this, the Government of the Republic and the com- 
mander of its forces, generally, far from exercising the 
right of reprisals, as they were provoked to do, have 
always observed the most humane conduct, giving con- 
stant examples of the greatest generosity. In this man- 
ner the Republican cause of Mexico has excited the 
sympathies of all civilized nations. 

" The French forces having retired. Archduke Max- 
imilian has desired to continue to shed unfruitfully the 
blood of Mexicans. With the exception of three or 
four cities governed by force, he has seen the entire 
Republic rise against him. Notwithstanding this, he 
has desired to continue the work of desolation and ruin 
of civil war without an object, being surrounded by men 
most known by their spoliations and grave assassina- 
tions, and the most stigmatized Avith the misfortunes of 
the Republic. 

" In case these should be captured, persons on whom 
rest such responsibilities, it does not appear that they 
should be considered as mere prisoners of war; for 
those are responsibilities defined by the law of nations 
and the laivs of the Republic. The Government, which 
has given numerous proofs of its humane principles and 
of its sentiments of generosity, is also obliged to con- 
sider, according to the circumstances of the cases, what 
the principles of justice demand, and the duties which it 
has to fulfil for the welfare of the Mexican people. 

"The Government of the Republic hopes that with 
the justification of its acts it will preserve the sympa- 
thies of the people aiid of the GoA^ernment of the United 



262. . MAXIMILIAN. 

States, who have been and are held in the highest esti- 
mation by the Government of Mexico. 
" I have the honor to be 

" Your Excellency's very respectful 

" and very obedient servant, 
" Sebastian Lekdo de Tejada. 

*' To His Excellency Lewis D. Campbell, 
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister 
Plenipotentiary of tlie United States, 
New Orleans." 

It was contended in behalf of Maximilian that the 
law decreed by President Juarez on the 25th of Janu- 
ary, 1862, is in conflict with the Constitution of the Re- 
public, adopted February 12th, 1857, which is, and has 
been since that dste, in force with the Republican 
party. 

It will require no very deep reilection to determine 
that the position assumed by the defendant was correct. 

On the Yth of June, 1861, the Mexican Congress 
passed an Act, entitled, " Relative to the Suspension of 
Guccranties for the present^'' wherein it was declared 
that certain specified articles and parts of articles were 
suspended. In that Act no mention is made of Articles 
23, 29, 97, nor 101. 

The 10th Article of that law declares that "The 
suspension of these guaranties shall continue for the 
term of six months." 

The said Article 23d declares that capital punishment 
for political crime is abolished, and can be extended 
only to the traitor to the country during a foreign war, 
the highway robber, the murderer, persons committing 
crimes under the military law, and to pirates. 

The 97th Article says, that "The courts of the Feder- 
ation have cognizance of all questions arising concerning 



MAXIMILIAN. '263 

the fulfilment and application of the Federal laws. Of 
those questions in which the Federation may be a party." 

Article 101 is as follows : "The tribunals of the Fed- 
eration shall decide all controversies which arise : 

" I. Upon laws or acts of whatever authority which 
violate individual guaranties. 

" Upon laws or acts of the Federal authorities which 
violate or restrain the sovereignty of the States." 

One of the strikiiig features of a Republic, is a division 
of the powers of government, so that the rights of the 
people may not be subject to the will of any one indi- 
vidual, or one body of persons. The wisdom of the 
framers of the Constitution of the United States pro- 
vided that the division of governmental functions should 
be into three parts, legislative, judicial, and executive ; 
and that each within its respective sphere should be in- 
dependent. Mr. Justice Blackstone said, where the 
rioht of makinoj and enforcina: laws is vested in the 
same man, there can be no public liberty. It is very 
apparent that the liberties of the people would be in 
jeopardy if any one or two divisions of government 
could enlarge their own constitutional powers, or lessen 
those of a co-ordinate branch. The people only can 
make that change, and in the manner prescribed by the 
Constitution. 

The Republic of Mexico followed the example of the 
United States in the division of its powers of govern- 
ment. In fact, in its organic basis it has expressed that 
division as clearly as human language is capable of 
doing. And in speaking of the three powers, it says 
that " Xo two of those powers can ever be united in one 
person or corporation, nor the legislative power be de- 
posited in one individual." It would be difficult to sug- 
gest how the executive of a government thus consti- 
tuted could assume legislative functions Avith any ap- 
pearance of honesty. 



2G4 MAXIMILIAN. 

Under the head, " Of the Executive Power," Section 
II., Article 85, the powers and obligations of the Presi- 
dent are defined as follows : 

"1. To promulgate and execute the laws made by the 
Congress of the Union, ordaining, in the administrative 
Bjjhere, their exact observance. 

" 2. To nominate and remove at will the secretaries 
of departments, to remove the diplomatic agents and 
the higher employees of the treasury, and to appoint 
and remove at v/ill the other employees of the Union 
whose appointments or removals are not determined in 
any other manner in the Constitution or the laws. 

" 3. To appoint ministers, diplomatic agents, and 
consuls, with the approbation of Congress, or, in its re- 
cess, of the permanent deputation. 

" 4. To appoint, with the approbation of Congress, 
colonels, and other superior officers of the national army 
and navy, and the sujDcrior employees of the treasury. 

" 5. To appoint the other officers of the national army 
and navy, according to the laws. 

" 6. To dispose of the permanent armed force, both 
on land and on the sea, for the internal security and ex- 
ternal defence of the Federation. 

" 7. To dispose of the National Guai'd for the same 
purpose, in the manner prescribed in clause 20 of Article 
72. 

" 8. To declare Avar in the name of the United States 
of Mexico, according to the law of the Congress of the 
Union previously enacted. 

" 9. To grant letters of marque, subject to the rules 
ordained by Congress. 

" 10. To direct diplomatic negotiations, and to cele- 
brate treaties with foreign powers, submitting them to 
the ratification of the Federal Congress. 

"11. To receive Ministers and other Envoys from 
foreign powers. 



MAXIMILIAIiT. 2G5 

" 12, To call extraordinary sessions of Congress, when 
the permanent deputation shall consent thereto. 

" 13. To give to the judicial power all necessary as- 
sistance for the dispatch of their functions. 

" 14. To create all ports of entry, to establish ma- 
rine and frontier custom-houses, and to designate their 
locality. 

"15, To grant, according to the laws, pardons to 
criminals sentenced for crimes within the jurisdiction of 
the Federal tribunals. 

Art. 86. To expedite the business of the administra- 
tive branch of the Federation, there shall be a sufficient 
number of secretaries named by a law of Congress, 
which law shall designate the business incumbent upon 
each secretary. 

"Art. 87. In order to be a secretary of a department, 
it is required to be a Mexican citizen by birth, to be in 
the exercise of his rights, and to be twenty-five years of 
asce. 

"Art. 88. All the regulations, decrees, and orders of 
the President shall be issued under the signature of the 
secretary of the department to which the business ap- 
pertains : without this requisite they will not be obeyed. 

"Art. 89. The secretaries of departments, as soon as 
the first session is commenced, shall render an account 
to Congress of the state of their respective branches. 

Article 51 declares that "The exercise of the supreme 
legislative power is deposited in an assembly, which shall 
be styled the * Congress of the Union.' " 

Under Art. 72, there are 32 sections, which contain the 
specific powers of Congress. The last section, number 
33, says that Congress has the power "To make all laws 
that may be necessary and proper to carry out the 
aforesaid powers, and all others conceded by this Con- 
stitution to the authorities of the Union." 

Neither branch of government is vested by the Con- 

12 



266 MAXIMILIAN. 

stitution with any special functions that conflict with 
the division of powers under Title 3, Article 50. 

The Constitution protects all persons in certain indi- 
vidual rights, such as those of carrying arms for personal 
security; travelling through the territory without let- 
ters of security, and others therein mentioned. But in 
time of war, or a disturbance of the public peace, those 
individual guaranties may be suspended^ if public safety 
require it. Article 29 provides for that suspension as 
follows : 

"In cases of invasion, serious perturbation of the 
public peace, or any other events that place society in 
imminent danger or conflict, only the President of the 
Republic, conjointly with the council of ministers, and 
with the approbation of the Congress of the Union, and 
in the recess of Congress of the permanent deputation, 
can suspend the guaranties granted in this Constitution, 
always excepting those which guarantee the life of man; 
but it shall be done for a limited time, by means of gen- 
eral laws, and such suspension shall not be to the preju- 
dice of any particular individual. If the suspension 
should take place. Congress being in session, it (Con- 
gress) shall grant the powers it deems necessary, in 
order that the executive may meet the exigencies of the 
situation. Should the suspension take place during a 
recess of Congress, it shall be summoned inunediately, 
in order to give its consent." 

The Mexican government confounds the right to sus- 
pend certain rights with that of making laws. The di- 
visional lines of powers are great monuments of govern- 
mental functions that cannot be changed unless by an 
amendment, as provided in the Constitution. 

It has been held by the Mexicans, that in time of war 
the Constitution loses its force and vigor. And yet 
they invoke that instrument whenever it supports their 
position ; and in the same breath they deny its validity, 



MAXIMILIAN. 267 

if they desire to exercise powers not within its limits. 
Upon an examination of their Constitution, it is clear 
that some parts of it never can be of practical use ex- 
cept in time of war or great j^ublic danger. The very- 
suspension of certain guaranties can only be made 
during such a period ; but even then^ that which guar- 
antees the life of man cannot be suspended. 

They declare that by the Constitution they suspend 
certain individual rights ; and if they wish to take the 
life of the individual, they then hold that the Constitu- 
tion has no force, inasmuch as war exists. It is con- 
venient for a vindictive executive, who desires to have 
liis power circumscribed by his will only, to thus argue : 
but the argument is an exhibition of a great poverty of 
reason. And further: Article 128 says that "This Con- 
stitution shall not lose its force and vigor, although its 
observance may be interrupted by an armed rebellion. 
If, in case of public disturbance, a government contrary 
to tlie principles sanctioned in it be established, as soon 
as the people recover their liberty, its observance shall 
be re-established ; and those that figured in the govern- 
ment springing out of the rebellion, as well as those co- 
operating in its esttiblishnient, shall be tried according 
to the Constitution and the laws issuing therefrom." 

After the Republican j^arty had taken a given place 
from the enemy, and exercised complete control over 
the same, how they can seriously aver that the force of 
the Constitution is destroyed, when the said 128th Ar- 
ticle still exists as a part of their fundamental jurispru- 
dence, is difficult to understand. 

To amend the Constitution, requires a two-third vote 
of the members of Congress present ; which vote must 
be approved by a majority of the Legislatures of the 
States. No amendments having been thus made, the 
Constitution of 1857 was and is in force. 

The President of Mexico assumes, under the j)rovi- 



268 MAXIMILIAN. 

sions of Art. 29, which declares " Congress shall grant 
the power it deems necessary in order that the execu- 
tive may meet the exigencies of the situation," that 
Congress may vest him with legislative function. But 
such is not the true construction of the language ; and 
if it were, it would be in conflict with other parts of the 
Constitution. It only authorizes Congress to empower 
the President to make orders or executive regulations in 
regard to individual rights during war-time ; and these 
orders and regulations must cease to be in force after a 
certain period fixed therein. 

It is somewhat analogous to the principle adopted in 
the United States, where the Legislature authorizes the 
judiciary to make rules which shall govern the practice 
in courts. That never has been considered a power to 
make laws. The Imos of Mexico can only be made by 
the Legislature, and that body is not compelled to speci- 
fy therein how long the same shall remain in force. Tliey 
will thus remain until repealed by that body ; which 
clearly shows that there is a broad distinction contem- 
plated by the framers of the Mexican Constitution be- 
tween their laws and the orders made by the President 
by virtue of his powers received from the Legislature, 
under Art. 29. 

There is one great principle of law that pervades the 
jurisprudence of all civilized countries, and that is, when 
a person has a bare power or authority from another to 
do an act, he must execute it himself, and cannot dele- 
gate his authority to another.- It is a trust or confidence 
reposed in him personally. The old common-law maxim 
is, '-'• Delegata potestas non potest delegari'''' (a delegated 
power cannot be delegated). Such is the civil law, al- 
thouo-h the lauQ-uasre of their maxim is not the same, but 
is, ^'' Procuratorem alium jyrocuratorem face7'e non posse 
(the agent of one person cannot appoint another agent). 
Therefore, when the people of Mexico delegated their 



MAXIMILIAN. 269 

law-making power to the Congress of the Union, with- 
out autliorizing that body in their Constitution to dele- 
gate the same power to another, they placed a certain 
trust and confidence in Congress which cannot be exe- 
cuted by any other person. 

Efforts were made by the Legislatures of several States, 
of the United States, to relieve themselves of the respon- 
sibility of their functions by submitting statutes to the 
will of the people. Such proceedings were held uncon- 
stitutional. The New York Court of Appeals said, 
" The Legislature have no power to make such submis- 
sion, nor had the people the power to bind each other 
by acting upon it. They voluntarily surrendered that 
power when they adopted the Constitution." 

The Legislature makes, the Executive executes, and 
the Judiciary construes the law. The learned Chief Jus- 
tice Marshall, in the Supreme Court of the United States, 
in the case of Wayman vs. Southard, 10 Wheaton, 46, 
observed, " It will not be contended that Congress can 
delegate to the courts, or to any other tribunals, powers 
which are strictly legislative." 

As has been observed, in article 23 of the Mexican 
Constitution, tlie punishment of death for political 
crimes has been abolished except for treason in a foreign 
war, and other cases therein mentioned. It is clear then, 
that prisoners guilty of political crimes in a civil war 
are not subject to the death penalty. That the late war 
in which Maximilian figured was a civil war will hardly 
be denied. After the French left, the main body of 
both armies were Mexicans, struggling for their respec- 
tive forms of government. 

Such being the facts, and the Liberal party standing 
by and endeavoring to sustain the Constitution, why 
political prisoners taken by them should not have been 
protected in their constitutional rights, is not easy to be 
comprehended. 



270 MAXIMILIAX. 

It is true that the executive made a law declaring that 
whoever should take up arms against the constituted 
government would no longer be considered political 
prisoners, but felons, to be pmiished according to the 
law of 1862. 

The first question which legally presents itself undei: 
this bead is, What are political crimes ? 

The adjective, " political," means that which pertains 
to government. Political rights are those which may 
be exercised in the formation or administration of o^ov- 
ernment. Civil rights are those which a man enjoys as 
regards other individuals, and not in relation to gov- 
ernment. 

Political crimes are those acts of a person or j^ersons 
in violation of the political government of the country, 
tinder the belief that he or they are justified in so act- 
ing according to their honest convictions. And the 
crime is as distinct from a felony as black is from white. 
The man who robs or wilfully kills with malice afore- 
thought, makes no pretensions to justification, because 
he is acting contrary to his own conscience. Any one 
act as much as another against the regularly constituted 
government, by a dissident, is a political crime. The 
Constitution has made no classification of political 
crimes, but has declared that no person shall sufier death 
who may commit them. Undoubtedly Congress could 
classify such crimes, as the prohibition in the Constitu- 
tion is only on the limit of punishment. 

The Supreme Court of the United States said, in Mar- 
tin vs. Hunter's Lessees, 1 Wheaton, 304, that "The 
words of the Constitution are to be taken in their nat- 
ural and obvious sense, and not in a sense unreasonable 
or enlarged." 

One of the Circuit Courts of the United States held 
that the words, " admiralty and maritime jurisdiction," 
in the Constitution of the United States, had a sio-uifi- 



MAXniILlAX. 271 

cation which could not be extended or curtailed by Con- 
gress. 

It is manifest then, from the plain import of the Mex- 
ican Constitution : 

1st. That the President has no legislative power. 

2d. That the Congress of Mexico cannot delegate its 
powers to the President. 

3d. That among the individual guaranties which may 
be suspended, that which affects the life of man is not 
included. 

4th. That the powers of suspension in regard to indi- 
vidual guaranties do not authorize either the President 
or Congress to deprive the Constitutional Courts of their 
jurisdiction. 

5th. That neither the Legislative nor Executive branch 
of government can change the signification of the lan- 
guage of the Constitution from its usual and general 
sense. 

6th. That the Constitution provides that its provis- 
ions shall not be inoperative during the time of war. 

Tth. That the ordinary Council of TTar which tried 
Maximilian had no jurisdiction of the cause. 

It follows from this review that the law made by Jua- 
rez, dated January 2.5th, 1862, upon which the accusa- 
tions against ]Maximilian were based, is in violation of 
the Mexican Constitution, and therefore void. 

Passing from the questions of constitutional and mu- 
nicipal laws of the Republic of Mexico, which have been 
applied to the case, it becomes necessary to investigate 
the rights of the parties under the law of nations. This 
has become quite essential, in order to arrive at just 
conclusions, inasmuch as the severest criticisms have 
been passed upon the Emperor for issuing the decree of 
October 3d, 1865. That decree engendered a great deal 



272 MAXIMILIAN. 

of bitterness in Mexico, and it has been alleged to be 
the cause of the Emperor's death. Those who were the 
bitterest in their denunciations of him were under the 
necessity of presenting some kind of an argument to 
support their position ; and the severity of that decree 
was advanced as sufficient therefor. It has been so 
much commented upon by the Mexicans, and by their 
press, while they have been silent as to the terrible law 
of their own enactment, that the people of the United 
States and Europe have been inclined to attach consid- 
erable blame to Maximilian for issuing it without know- 
ing the circumstances and facts which suiTounded the 
Emperor, and which so clearly, in the eyes of the law, 
justified him in issuing the same. 

When Maximilian executed that decree, he was the 
sovereign of the de facto government of Mexico, beyond 
any doubt. He was so recognized by several powers. 
The fact that the United States did not so recognize him, 
did not change the real condition of things in Mexico. 
It brings to my mind an observation once made by that 
distinguished American jurist. Chief- Justice Marshall, 
who said, " If Congress should pass a resolution, declar- 
ing that Hume never wrote the History of England, I 
do not think that it would change the fact." 

The United States, for certain political reasons, did 
not wish to recognize any new Empire on the American 
continent, particularly in an adjacent territory. Those 
reasons were not based upon the true state of facts as 
tp the actual possession of the one or the other contend- 
ing parties in Mexico. 

If the relative position of the two parties had been 
changed, the United States would not for a moment 
have doubted that the same facts which surrounded 
Maximilian would have been ample, upon princif)les of 
international law, to hold that he was the sovereign de 
facto and de jure. 



MAXIMILIAN". 273 

The law of nations is governed by tlie state of facts 
which exist in a country, not w^hat some nations may 
say of it. Suppose a nation declares certain ports 
blockaded, does the proclamation ?}:)50 /*ac^o render them 
blockaded in the eyes of the law ? AYill not the law 
inquire whether adequate physical and material force is 
actually on the spot to support the blockade ? 

The same reason applies to a nation. The question 
is, wdiat party holds and exercises control over a country. 
Whatever party does, that is the government de facto 
of that country. If no other nation on earth had re- 
cognized the Empire of Maximilian, still the fact of its 
having the possession and control of the territory, made 
it the government de facto and de jure. The internal 
sovereignty of a State requires no such recognition. It 
is a State because it exists. 

Nor did the fact that foreign troops aided the Em- 
pire change its rights. The settled doctrine of the law 
of nations, which was adhered to by the United States 
Supreme Court, is, that a weak power does not surrender 
its independence and right to self-government by asso- 
ciating with a stronger and taking its protection. It 
would be a singular doctrine to advance that the na- 
tionality of some of the troops of the Empire could 
chano;e the ris-hts of its Sovereis-n. 

One of the absolute rights of a State is to protect it- 
self, and to make all needful laws ; and no other power 
has a right to dictate to it in regard to those municipal 
laws. And the judicial investigation and punishment 
of a sovereign for enacting laws within the jurisdiction 
of his territory, is what will not be found on the records 
of any nation but those of Mexico. Such an investiga- 
tion may well be considered a judicial curiosity. 

After the intervention ceased, and Maximilian as- 
sumed the reins of government, at the request of a 
large number of Mexicans, and, as he believed, in accord- 

12* 



274 MAXIMILIAir. 

a lice with the will of a majority, the war was a civil 
one. Wheaton says, and it is not denied by any other 
writer on international law, that " the general usage of 
nations regards such a war as entitling both of the con- 
tending parties to all the rights of war as against each 
other, and even as respects neutral nations." ( Wh. on 
Laws of Nations^ part 4, ch. 1, § 7.) 

What, then, are the rights of loar f One among the 
many is that of retaliation. That is, one nation may 
apply in its transactions with another the same rule of 
conduct by which that other is governed under similar 
circumstances {Ihid.., Section 1st). Notwithstanding 
the severity of the decree of October 3d, executed by 
Maximilian, we fail to find less in the law of January 
25th, 18G2, made by President Juarez. According to 
said law of 1862, if any Mexican should be caught who 
had served in any manner the foreign troops in the 
country, which were the enemies of the Liberals, he 
would be punished with death. (See Article 2d.) 

Under that law, if the Liberal party contained only 
one-eighth part of the whole population, and the other 
seven-eighths wished to change the form of government, 
and should attempt it, and any one of them should be 
caught so doing by the Liberals, he would be subject to 
the punishment of death. 

If a Mexican boy should carry wood to build a fire 
for one of the enemies of the Liberal party, he would be 
liable to the same punishment if caught. And yet the 
party that promulgated that harsh and bloodthirsty law 
charge the Imperial ruler with cruelty in issuing the de- 
cree of October 3d, 1865. 

N^ot only was the law of January 25th, 1862, on the 
statute-books of the Juarez party, but the bloody act 
was carried into execution. 

Was not General Robles caught on the road to Vera 
Cruz without arms, and shot in cold blood by the Juarez 



MAXIMILIAN. 275 

party, merely Lecanse it was suspected tliat lie was going 
to talk to the French forces ? The shocking crimes, 
covered by the law of 1862, were numhered by hun- 
dreds, nay thousands, long before the decree of October 
od was issued. Will not the surprise of the reader be 
rather that such a decree was not issued earlier, than 
that it was issued at all ? Was the Emperor not justi- 
fied upon the principle of retaliation^ based on inter- 
national law, in issuing that decree ? 

Let us suppose another case for illustration. If the 
Liberals were comj^osed of only one-third of the popu- 
lation, and possessed all of the arms in the country, and 
should see pro^^er to issue decrees contrary to the Consti- 
tution, and to enforce them upon the unarmed two-thirds, 
and if the latter, in their defence, should invite foreign 
aid, in the way of men and munitions of war, and be 
subsequently caught by the Liberal party, they would 
be liable to a death punishment under the law of 1862. 
Such a case might well arise, because one-third of a na- 
tion well armed could hold in subjection the remaining 
unarmed two-thirds. 

It appears, not unfrequently, by observation among 
men, that many persons first determine in their own 
minds which of the contending parties have the right 
side of the issue, and then conclude that that party is 
authorized to enact laws, however severe, which its 
judgment may dictate, while they deny the same right 
to the other party. The rule of law is, that the justness 
or unjustness of the war is not to be taken into consider- 
ation, when passing upon the question of the method of 
warfare. 

There are certain principles of international law which 
are founded on the rights of humanity, and enforced by 
moral sanction; and it makes no difference what has 
caused the war, for when it has oni;e commenced, cer- 
tain rules based on international morality, and acknowl- 



2/6 MAXIMILIAN. 

edged by the civilized world to be just and humane, are 
to govern the acts of the contending parties. 

And the fact that one party in a civil war is vastly 
superior in numerical strength, does not alter the rights 
of either. Nor is there any rule of international law 
that will support the position that, if the head of one 
party in a civil war be a foreigner, the rights of 
that party as to the method of warfare are lessened 
thereby. And Maximilian, as the sovereign head of the 
Empire, was entitled to all the rights which any Mexi- 
can would have been had he held the same position. 

It would be difficult for any moral man, be he pro- 
fessional or layman, to advance any good reason why 
that principle of law, which holds that no use of force is 
lawful except so far as it is necessary, — and that a bel- 
ligerent has no right to take away the lives of the sub- 
jects of the enemy, whom he can subject by any other 
means, — should not have governed in the war between 
the Imperialists and Liberals in Mexico. 

If a man declares that he justifies the shooting of the 
Emperor because he is opposed to the establishment of 
an empire in Mexico, or because some secessionists in 
the Southern part of the United States favored Maxi- 
milian's policy, he would give no room for discussion, 
and would be rather an object of pity than of admira- 
tion, on account of his prejudices and great want of 
argumentative powers. 

While the law of January 25th, 1862, stares the 
world in the face, the complaint of inhumanity against 
Maximilian comes with a bad grace from the lips of the 
Juarez party. 

It will be readily admitted that there was a time in 
the barbarous ages, as even now among the wild savage 
tribes, when warriors considered it their right to take 
the lives of prisoner^ of war; but we have long indulged 
the hope that the torch of science had dispelled such 



MAXIMILIAN. 2 i V 

a doctrine ; and that there was a universal desire 
among the civilized nations of the present age to adopt 
measures that would mitigate that ancient practice of 
cruelty. And it is with no very kind feelings that we can 
view that people wdio claim a place in the great family 
of nations, who cannot consent to respect the principles 
of international morality. 

As we closely review the individual acts of His Majes- 
ty, which pertain to the Empire, we shall perceive a 
steady aim on his part to avoid cruel treatment and to 
keep within the rules of warfare that are sanctioned by 
the general consent of mankind, as being just and hu- 
mane. If we investigate the treaty of Miramar, we 
shall ascertain that the position of Maximilian was not 
an enviable one for a sovereign. Wherever there was 
a body of French troops or allied forces of French and 
Mexican soldiers, they were under the control of the 
French commander by virtue of that treaty. And thus, 
while they were acting in accordance with instructions 
from a French general, they were committing acts ob- 
noxious to the feelings of the head of the nation, and 
upon whom was placed all the blame for the committal 
of those acts. 

As soon as the Emperor was freed from the dictation 
of the French commander Bazaine, he annulled the decree 
of October 3d, 1865 ; which act took place about the 
21st of October, 1866. Thus, for many months prior to 
the capture of the Emperor, that decree which infuriated 
the Liberals was not in force, while their murderous law 
of January 2oth, 1862, was still unrepealed. 

And further, even while the said decree of October was 
in full vigor, Maximilian never consented to its enforce- 
ment in any given case ; but, on the contrary, issued strict 
orders to his commanders not to execute it. Wherever 
executions were rendered under the law, it was with- 
out his prior knowledge, and met subsequently with his 



278' MAXIMILIAN. 

disapproval. At the same time, hundreds of prisoners 
taken by the Liberal forces were sent to their graves 
under the stern provisions of the law of 1862. 

Humanity, and the just principles of war, demanded 
that the Liberals should have ceased to carry out the 
law of 1862, after the annulment of the October decree, 
by His Majesty. Is there any rule of law or conscience 
that would hold the life of the Emperor responsible for 
every murder, or unjust act committed by French sol- 
diers, against the will of the Emperor ? The rule of law 
is, that the conduct which is observed by one nation 
toward another, will be reciprocally observed by the 
latter toward the former. And the moment the rigor 
of a law is abated by one party, the other should im- 
mediately repeal that law which was enacted by it as 
retaliatory of the one which was abated. Reason and 
good faith could not support any other doctrine. 

There is a very short argument advanced by some 
who favored the murder of Maximilian, and that is, that 
he had no business to come to Mexico. 

Let us examine that question in a legal and moral 
point of view. 

The generally recognized doctrine that a people have 
the right to change their form of government, is ex- 
pressly laid down in the 39th Art., Sec. 1, Title 2, of 
the Mexican Constitution, in these words : " The people 
have at all times the inalienable right to alter or modify 
the form of their government." 

The Imperial party attempted to avail themselves of 
that right. The next question which would naturally 
present itself is, Did that party represent a majority of 
the people of Mexico ? Upon that point there are two 
opinions in Mexico. 

As I am in favor of the stability of the Republic, 
and against the Empire, upon principle, I hope I shall 
not be charged with prejudice against the Liberal party. 



maximilia:n-. 2 79 

And as I vrish to make no incorrect statement in regard 
to Mexico, I will not state which way the majority of 
the people would have decided that issue had a test vote 
been taken. I will give some facts from which conclu- 
sions may be drawn. 

I have visited Mazatlan, Durango, Zacatecas, San Luis 
Potosi, Queretaro, the city of Mexico, Puebla, Orizaba, 
Cordova, and Yera Cruz. With the exception of Zaca- 
tecas and Vera Cruz, a large majority in those places 
were in favor of the Empire. That Guadalajara, Guan- 
ajuata, Puebla, and Orizaba were strongly in support of 
the Empire w^as never doubted. I have thus mentioned 
nearly all of the large cities of Mexico. The majority 
of the educated and refined people of those cities do not 
mix with the Liberals. There is also a marked change 
noticed by those who observed the government under 
both regimes^ in regard to the activity of business and 
the gayety of social life ; showing that progress was 
making headway under the Empire. When the Empe- 
ror and Empress entered the country they were greeted 
with unbounded enthusiasm. Many who w^itnessed that 
entrance have frequently remarked that no one could 
have doubted that the majority w^ere for the Empire. 

I witnessed the entrance of President Juarez into the 
cit}^ of Mexico, on the 15th of July last, and I was com- 
pletely surprised at the want of enthusiasm. It ap- 
peared more like a funeral than a joyous reception. Sev- 
eral Liberal officers standing by me could not help re- 
marking wdiat a silence prevailed. A large j^ortion, if 
not a majority of the intelligent people in Mexico, dressed 
in mourning for the demise of the Emperor. In conse- 
quence thereof it was difficult to obtain many articles 
of mourning wearing-apparel at the mercantile estab- 
lishments. 

As an admission from the Liberals, we take the fol- 
lowing article from the " La Sociedad^'' May 25th, 1866, 



280 maximilia:s". 

which copied the same from the " Hevista,''^ of Vera 
Cruz, a Liberal journal. 

" Before the Emperor Maximilian arrived in this coun- 
try, when the Assembly of Notables in the Capital pro- 
claimed the Monarchy, and elected him the arbiter of 
the destinies of Mexico, he wished to know the will of 
the entire country, or at least of the localities occupied 
by the French-Mexican army ; and a call was made on 
the inhabitants of those localities, the only object of 
which call was to know the true opinion of the Mex- 
icans. 

" In fact, ^?^ each locality/ a declaration was made, 
which was subscribed by thousands of citizens, and 
among them, certainly, very few figured that were not 
in feeling favorable to the new order of things. 

" The Archduke Maximilian, in view of these acts, 
which we cannot deny were numerous, accepted the im- 
perial crown which the Mexican deputation, who were 
sent for that purpose, offered him at Miramar 

" We who, whatever may be our ideas, cannot deviate 
from the path we have marked out, believe ourselves 
obliged to confess that if cmy ruler ever had reason to 
believe himself really ccdled by the j^eople^ the Emperor 
3faxlmilian had in the highest degree. 

" And it is so far so, that we even recollect the first 
words which the new Emperor dictated to the Mexicans 
on his arrival to our shores, words which were in com- 
plete harmony with the facts already referred to.'''' 

The rejoicing exhibited wherever the Emperor went 
in Mexico, and the foregoing admission of one of his 
political enemies, ought to be considered as some evi- 
dence that a large party of the Mexicans were friendly 
to the Empire, if not a majority of them. The admis- 
sion of that Liberal journal is so strong, that it relieves 



MAXIMILIAN. 281 

the Emperor of the charge of an intent to act contrary 
to the will of the Mexican people. 

The fact that the Liberals conquered the Imperialists, 
is no proof that the former are supported by a majority 
of the people. Any one acquainted with the history of 
Mexico, will well understand how that may be. No 
party can long remain in power in that country. And 
it is immaterial what principles are advocated by the 
reigning party, they are destined, sooner or later, to be 
overthrown. As I have in another place observed, the 
supreme power of a nation is always with the party who 
happen to have the arms in their hands, although that 
party may not number one-third of the whole. 

Out of the whole population of Mexico, there is not a 
million that have anything to say about the aifairs of 
government. The common soldier has no opinion on 
political matters, and knows not the difference between 
an empire and a republic. And the man who thinks 
that the soldiers volunteered in the Liberal party, never 
had a more erroneous idea. They were forced into the 
service, not by any law regulating a draft as in other 
countries, but by sending armed men to take them 
wherever they could be found. I have this information 
from persons who have lost their working men in that 
manner. I adduce these facts in support of the propo- 
sition that the numerical strength of the Liberal army 
IS no criterion of the correct views of their political 
opinions. 

I went to Mexico in the beginning of the year 1867, 
strongly impressed with the idea that the Liberal party 
was far in the majority — and I must confess, against my 
wish, I have had that opinion shaken. That the majori- 
ty of the wealthy people were in favor of the Empire, I 
think no well-informed and unbiased man will den}^ 

More improvements were made under the Empire than 
under any President, during the same length of time. 



282 MAXIMILIAN. 

It has been difficult for the people in Europe and the 
United States to obtain correct information as to the 
condition of affairs in Mexico. Many correspondents of 
newspapers have visited Mexico with a view to obtain 
profitable concessions from the Government, and with a 
view of aiding their contemplated projects : they have 
written highly favorable to the Administrative power. 
And others strongly biased, have written in opposition 
thereto. The poorer class care but little who governs ; 
the rich are in favor of an empire, but do not wish to do 
the fighting ; and the middle class, together with some 
of the rich, are the most energetic, and belong to the 
Liberal party ; hence their success,- added to the fact, 
that the Imperialists had no sufficient army of native 
element formed when Bazaine left. 

To sum up then, it is obvious that a number so large, 
of the Mexican people, were in favor of Maximilian as 
their ruler, that he was not wholly without proof that 
the party was composed of a majority. The weight of 
evidence is in his favor sufficiently to acquit him in a 
moral point of view. 

And further, it is too clear and conclusive to admit of 
a serious argument, that the law of January 25th, 1862, 
is in conflict with the provisions of the Mexican Consti- 
tution ; and that international law cannot support the 
execution of Maximilian. 

The sustaining of Mexico in that brutal act, is only on 
a par with the praise of Booth, for murdering President 
Lincoln. The latter was a cold-blooded murder vnthout 
a trial ; the former was murder after a farcical one. 

Mexico has long witnessed calamities flowing from 
mutual persecutions, but it was to be hoped that in this 
age some benefits and improvements were to be expected 
from the light, and human sympathy acquired from the 
advancement of science. When the Mexican people 
formed their present Constitution, they were not un- 



MAXIMILIATs^. 283 

mindful of the barbarity and injustice indulged in dur- 
ing their many intestine conflicts ; and in order to im- 
press moderation upon their minds, and to work up to 
the standard of modern ideas of civilization, they wove 
into that Constitution certain principles in harmony 
with justice, and which ^vere, that life should not be 
forfeited on account of political opinions, nor for any 
acts honestly committed in support thereof; and that 
confiscation of property should not take place. And 
yet the party that stands upon that Constitution as its 
political platform, pays but little respect to its prohib- 
itory clauses. 

And admitting, for argument's sake, that the law of 
January 25th, 1862, was in perfect harmony with the 
Constitution, and that the Court had jurisdiction of the 
cause, then it can be safely said that the judgment was 
fraudulent, and unsupj)orted by the evidence presented, 
according to the rules of the Civil Law, whicli governs 
judicial proceedings in Mexico. Public notoriety, hear- 
say testimony, nor secondary evidence never were suffi- 
cient under the Civil Law, nor by the legislative laws 
of Mexico, to sustain a judgment of guilty in a criminal 
cause. 

It was not from ignorance that the authorities of Mex- 
ico committed their deed of horror, nor from anv mis- 
taken notion of law and justice. 

It was considered too good an opportunity to lose to 
show the world that Mexico was an independent nation, 
and that however much sympathy the adjoining Rej^ub- 
lic might have heretofore shown in the hour of need, it 
was by far insufficient to permit that Republic to assume 
an advisory position which savored in the slightest de- 
gree of dictation. Such has been given by Mexicans 
themselves as one reason why the executioner should 
have done the bloody work. 

As we review all the circumstances of the case, we 



284 MAXIMILIAN. 

cannot but conclude that they justify the suspicion that 
revenge and cupidity dictated their acts rather than the 
spirit of a manly foe. 

We have seen, in this case, great questions of consti- 
tutional and international law considered and decided 
within a few hours by not very wise and learned men — 
questions that learned tribunals in other lands would 
have considered for days before giving a final decision. 
That is, although they might have considered at first 
blush the questions not difficult, yet the magnitude and 
importance of the cause would have demanded from 
learned jurists a complete and serious examination before 
the rendition of a definite judgment thereon. 

Had the goddess of Justice been present during the 
trial of the Emperor, she would have hung her head in 
shame as the judgment was read. 

It is apparent that the scales and beam of justice were 
broken into fragments, and that there was no weighing 
of the evidence. 

The trial was the prelude to the tragedy, in order to 
increase the assumed dignity, and to extend the great 
dramatic play of the nation. It was, indeed, a bombas- 
tic farce, and the tragedy that followed a terrible one. 
And both are recorded as a stain on the pages of the 
history of the Mexican nation which can never be eflaced 
therefrom, though steeped in the sulphurous fumes of 
the infernal re onions. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

Application for pardon — Pardon denied— Sentence approved— Pardon again 
asked and denied— Execution postponed— Letter from Maximilian to Baron 
Largo — Pardon - asked by Baron Magnus — Refused — Despatch from Maxi- 
milian to Juarez — Preparations for execution — Last words of the victims — 
Execution. 

AFTER the decision of the Council of War, or court- 
martial, and the approval thereof by the Com- 
mander of the DiAJsion, General Escobedo, there was 
but one other mode to pursue on the part of the defend- 
ants — that Avas, to seek the clemency of the Executive. 
Before, and during the time of the trial, Messrs. Palacio 
and De la Torre, two of the Emperor's counsel, were at 
San Luis Potosi exercising their influence with the Presi- 
dent and Cabinet. 

The said counsel having learned that, on the 14th of 
June, at ten minutes past twelve o'clock at night, the 
three prisoners, Maximilian, Miramon, and Mejia, had 
been condemned to death, immediately applied for the 
pardon of the three, without waiting to ascertain whether 
the decision of General Escobedo would be in approval 
or disapproval of the said sentence. In answer to that 
application, the Minister of War transmitted to the said 
counsel the folio wins: note : 

" Secretary of State, War, ant> Kayt : 

" You have set forth in your new petition that hav- 
ing notice that the Council of War assembled in Quere- 
taro have condemned to the extreme penalty Fernando 
Maximilian of Hapsburg, you ask, as his counsel, the 
Government to grant him a pardon, or, that if even it 



286 MAXiiMiLiA:sr. 

cannot pass upon that question, that in the mean time it 
will order a suspension of the sentence. The Citizen- 
President being in possession of this new petition, has 
directed me to say to you, as I declared to you yester- 
day officially, that it is not possible to pass upon the 
question of pardon before knowing the condemnation of 
the court, there not being a condemnation that may have 
the effect as such, as, in the mean while, the judgment 
of the Council of War may not be confirmed by the 
military chief according to the ordinance and respective 
laws. And further, I am directed to say to you, also, as 
I stated to you officially yesterday, that the Government 
not having altered the provisions of the law, if in case 
the judgment of the Court should be confirmed, and 
then should be submitted within the proper time to the 
decision of the Government, the question of pardon, in 
such a case, among the considerations which the Gov- 
ernment ought to weigh, it will remember the facts set 
forth in your two petitions. 

" Independence and Liberty. San Luis Potosi, June 
15th, 1867. 

" Mejia. 
" Citizens Mahiano RrvA Palacio, and 
*' Lawyer Rafael Martinez de la Torre. 

" Present." 

"Telegram from Queretaro for Potosi, received the 
16th day of June, 1867, at one o'clock and 15 minutes 
of the afternoon : 

" Citizen-President : 

"The sentence which the Council of War pro- 
nounced on the 14th inst., has been confirmed at these 
headquarters, and to-day, at ten o'clock of the morning 
the prisoners were notified thereof, and at three o'clock 
this afternoon they will be shot. 

" ESCOBEDO." 



MAXIMILIAN. 287 

The Government having read the report of General 
Escobedo, approving the judgment of the Court, and 
having received another petition from the said counsel, 
replied thereto with the following note : 

" Seceetart of State, "VYae, and IsTavy. 

"As to the petition presented by you of to-day's 
date to the Citizen-President of the Republic, soliciting 
a pardon for Ferdinand Maximilian of Hapsburg, who 
has been sentenced, in Queretaro, by the Council of War 
that tried him, to suifer the extreme penalty, the Presi- 
dent has come to the following determination : 

" Having examined this solicitation for pardon with 
all the gravity which the case requires, and the other 
solicitations for the same purpose, the Citizen-President 
of the Republic has thought proper to determine that 
the petitions cannot be acceded to ; the gravest consid- 
erations of justice and of necessity to assure the peace 
of the nation being opposed to this act of clemency. 

" And I communicate it to you for your information, 
and as the determination on your said petition. 

" San Lms Potosi, June 16th, 1867. 

" Me jiA. 
" Citizens Mariano Riva Palacio, and 
Lawyer Rafael Martinez de la Torre, 

" Present." 

Upon an application for further time to be extended 
to the Emperor's life, the following despatch was for- 
warded to the commanding officer, at Queretaro : 

"Telegram — S. Luis Potosi, June 16th, 1867. At one 
o'clock of the afternoon. 

" Citizen General M. Escobedo, Queretaro : 

"The counsel of Maximilian and Miramon have 
just presented themselves, to state to the Government, 
that the sentence of the Council of War has been con- 



2S8 MAXIMILIAN. 

firmed, which hnposed upon them and Mejia the pun- 
ishment of death; and that the execution has been 
ordered to take place this afternoon. Pardon has been 
asked for the three condemned persons, which the Gov- 
ernment has denied, after having held the most atten- 
tive deliberation thereupon. In order that the con- 
demned may have the necessary time to arrange their 
business, the Citizen President of the Republic has de- 
termined that the execution of the three condemned 
persons will not take place until Wednesday morning, 
the 1 9th of the present month. 

" Please give your orders in conformity with this reso- 
lution, and advise me immediately of the receipt of this 

message. 

"Mejia." 

The following reply came from General Escobedo : 

" Telegram from Queretaro for San Luis Potosi — re- 
ceived the 16th of June, 1867, at four o'clock and one 
minute of the afternoon. 

" Citizen Minister of War : 

" I am informed that the Citizen President has or- 
dered a suspension of the execution of the three prison- 
ers until the morning of Wednesday, the 19th. I shall 
comply with this supreme order. 

" M. Escobedo. 
" Secretaiiy of State, War, and Navy. 
" San Luis Potosi, June 16th, 1867." 

Baron Von A. Y. Magnus, the Prussian Minister near 
the Imperial Government of Mexico, was also at San 
Luis Potosi, for the purpose of interceding in behalf of 
Maximilian. The Baron gave all his attention to the 
welfare of the Emperor. After the final conclusion of 
the President upon the question of pardon, the Baron 



MAXIMILIAN. 289 

became anxious to hasten with all speed to Queretaro. 
In order to facilitate him in that respect, the Govern- 
ment ordered the owners of the stage-line to make pre- 
parations therefor, as follows : 

" Minister of Foreign Relations and Government, 
Department of Government — Section First. 

"The Citizen President of the Republic has deter- 
mined that you will please to so arrange immediately, 
that there will be provided an extra stage which will go 
with all possible dispatch from this city to Queretaro ; 
and that you will place this stage at the disposition of 
Baron A. Y. Magnus, and the persons whom he wishes 
to accompany him. 

"I communicate it to you in order that said extra 
stage may be provided, at the hour which M. Baron 
Yon Magnus may designate, this afternoon or to-night. 

"Independence and Liberty. San Luis Potosi, June 
16th, 1867. 

" Lerdo de Tejada. 

" Seiior Agent of the Stage-lines of this city, Present." 

On the fifteenth of June, General Mejia had been 
requested to say to the Emperor, that authentic informa- 
tion had just reached Queretaro, that the Empress Car- 
lota had died. The General communicated the state- 
ment to His Majesty. 

In consequence thereof, he wrote that day a letter to 
Baron Largo, who had been ordered away from Quere- 
taro, the 14th, by General Escobedo, and who went to 
Tacubaya, where he received the letter ; in the post- 
scrijDt to which, the Emperor wrote as follows : " I have 
just learned that my poor wife has died, and though the 
news affects my heart, yet, on the other hand, under the 
present circumstances, it is a consolation. I have but 
one wish on earth ; that is, that my body may be buried 

13 



290 JIAXIMILIAN. 

next to that of my poor wife. I intrust you with this, 
as the representative of Austria. I ask you that my 
legal heirs will take the same care of those who sur- 
rounded me, and my servants, as though the Empress 
and I had lived." 

On the sixteenth, about half an hour before the Em- 
peror's anticipatad execution, he took from his linger his 
marriage-ring and gave it to his physician. Dr. Samuel 
Basch, requesting him to carry it to the Archduchess 
his mother, supposing at the time that his wife the Em- 
press was dead. Not being executed that day, he re- 
ceived it back again, and wore it as usual. On the next 
day the Emperor wrote the following letter to Baron 
Largo : 

" Deae Babojst : 

" I have nothing to look for in this world ; and my 
last wishes are limited to my mortal remains, which 
soon will be free from suffering and under the favor of 
those who outlive me. My physician. Dr. Basch, Avill 
have my body transported to Vera Cruz. Two servants, 
Gull and Tudas, will be the only ones who will accom- 
pany him. I have given orders that my body be car- 
ried to Vera Cruz without any pomp, and that no ex- 
traordinary ceremony be made on board. I await death 
calmly, and I equally wish to enjoy calmness in the 
coffin. So arrange it, dear Baron, that Dr. Basch and 
my two servants be transported to Europe in one of the 
two war-vessels. 

" I wish to be buried by the side of my poor wife. If 
the report of the death of my poor wife has no founda- 
tion, my body should be deposited in some place until 
the Empress may meet me through death. 

" Have the goodness to transmit the necessary orders 
to the captain of the ship de Groeller. Have likewise 
the goodness to do all you can to have the widow of my 



MAXIMILIAI^-. 201 

faithful companion in arms, Miramon, go to Europe in 
one of the two war-vessels. I rely the more upon this 
wish being complied with, inasmuch as I have recom- 
mended her to place herself under my mother at 
Vienna. 

" Again, I give you my most cordial thanks for all the 
inconveniences which I cause you ; and I am, with the 
greatest good-will, 

" Yours, 

" Maximilian. 
" QuERETAKO, in the Prison of the 
Capucbinas, 17th of June, 1867." 

Before Maximilian's execution, he observed to some 
of his officers in the convent, that it was not so very hard 
to die after all ; that he felt as though he were going into 
battle. He also remarked that he could forgive Lopez ; 
but Marquez, never ! 

The day before his death, the captain who was to di- 
rect the execution, went to the convent to see the Em- 
peror, and apologized, saying that he was sorry that he, 
Maximilian, was compelled to suffer death ; that he him 
self was ordered to cause him to be executed, which he 
regretted ; and that he was obliged to obey the order. 
The Emperor excused him from any blame, observing 
that it was not his fault. 

Baron Magnus arrived on the eighteenth at Queretaro, 
from San Luis Potosi, and immediately visited the Em- 
peror. After which, considering as he did that it was 
his solemn duty to do everything that was within his 
power, he was not inclined to remain silent, until he saw 
that the safety of Maximilian's life was beyond hope. 
He therefore again placed himself in communication 
with the officers of Government, as the last remedy, 
at a late hour that night ; when he sent the following 



292 MAXIMILIAX. 

" Telegram from Queretaro to San Luis Potosi, re- 
ceived at 9 o'clock and 30 minutes of the night, June 
18th, 1867. 

"His Excellency 

" Senor D. Sebastian Leedo de Tejada : 

"Having reached Queretaro to-day, I am sure that 
the three persons, condemned on the 14th, died morally 
last Sunday ; and that the world so estimates it, as they 
had made every disposition to die, and expected every 
instant, for an hour, to be carried to the place where they 
were to receive death, before it was possible to commu- 
nicate to them the order suspending the act. 

" The humane customs of our epoch do not permit 
that, after having suffered that horrible punishment, they 
should be made to die the second time to-morrow. 

" In the name, then, of humanity and Heaven, I con- 
jure you to order their lives not to be taken ; and I re- 
peat to you again, that I am sure that my Sovereign, 
His Majesty the King of Prussia, and all the monarchs 
of Europe united by the ties of blood with the im- 
prisoned Prince, namely, his brother the Emperor of 
Austria, his cousin the Queen of the British Empire, his 
brother-in-law the King of the Belgians, and his cousins, 
also, the Queen of Spain and the Kings of Italy and 
Sweden, will easily understand how to give His Excel- 
lency Senor D. Benito Juarez, all the requisite securities 
that none of the three prisoners will ever return to walk 
on the Mexican territory. 

" A. Y. Magnus." 

The following reply to the foregoing was received by 
Baron Magnus : 

"Telegram. — San Luis Potosi, June 18th, 1867, at 10 
o'clock and five minutes of the night. 



MAXIMILIAN?. 293 

" Se5s^or Barox a. Y. Magnus, etc., etc., Queretaro : 

" I am jDained to tell you, in answer to the telegram 
which you have been pleased to send me to-night, that, 
as I declared to you day before yesterday, in this city, 
the President of the Republic does not believe it possi- 
ble to grant the pardon of the Archduke Maximilian, 
through the gravest considerations of justice, and of the 
necessity of assuring peace to the Republic. 

" I am, Seiior Baron, very respectfully, 
" Your obedient servant, 

" Sebastian Lekdo de Tejada." 

The folloAA-ing despatch was sent by the Emperor to 
President Juarez on the 1 8th of June : 

" Central Telegraph Line. Official telegram. De- 
posited in Queretaro. Received in San Louis Potosi at 
one o'clock and fifty minutes of the afternoon, the 18th 
of June, 1867. 

" C. Benito JuaPwEz : 

" I desire that you may preserve the lives of D. Mi- 
guel Miramon and D. Tomas Mejia, who day before yes- 
terday suffered all the tortures and bitterness of death ; 
and, as I manifested on being taken prisoner, I should 

be the only victim. 

" Maximilian." 

This was an exhibition of nobleness of character sel- 
dom to be met with, and which had been manifested by 
the Emperor all through his Mexican career. 

On that night the commander, General Escobedo, vis- 
ited the Emperor at half-j^ast eleven o'clock. He asked 
His Majesty for his photograph, which the Emperor 
gave him. After a few moments' conversation tliey bid 
each other farewell, and the General left. The Emperor 



294 MAXIMILIA^^. 

liad retired at nine o'clock, but was restless, dozed a 
little, and was awake when Escobedo entered. He 
slept only about two and a half hours. The thoughts 
of the morrow were ill suited to produce slumber. He 
dressed at a little past three o'clock. The priest came 
at four, and prayers were said at about five. He gave 
to Dr. Basch his marriage-ring, to be delivered to the 
Archduchess, his mother, still under the supposition that 
the Empress was dead. He then wrote the following 
letter to the President : 

" QuERETARO, June 19th, 1867. 
" Sbw Benito Juaeez : 

" About to receive death, in consequence of having 
wished to prove whether new political institutions could 
succeed in putting an end to the bloody civil war which 
has devastated for so many years this unfortunate coun- 
try ; I shall lose my life w4th pleasure if its sacrifice can 
coni ribute to the peace and prosperity of my new coun- 
try. Fully persuaded that nothing solid can be founded 
on a soil drenched in blood and agitated by violent com- 
motions, I conjure you in the most solemn manner, and 
with the true sincerity of the moments in which I find 
m3rself, that my blood may be the last to be spilt ; 
that the same perseverance which I was pleased to re- 
cognize and esteem in the midst of prosperity — that 
with which you have defended the cause which has just 
triumphed — may consecrate that blood to the most noble 
task of reconciling the minds of the people, and in 
founding in a stable and durable manner the peace and 
tranquillity of this unfortunate country. 

" Maximilian." 

Many of the last letters and documents signed by His 
Majesty were penned by Mr. Herman G. Schwesinger, wdio 
v/as a confidential friend of His Majesty, and who, for 



MAXIMILIAX. 295 

that friendship was imprisoned six weeks without any 
charges being made against him. He deserves a men- 
tion herein for his fidelity to the Emperor. 

The city of Queretaro, on the 19th of June, a. d. 1867, 
presented one of the most solemn scenes ever witnessed, 
save that which the murder and burial of Abraham Lin- 
coln produced in Washington City. For a beloved 
mortal, about to put on immortality, the drapery of 
mourning was worn by thousands, as an emblem of 
hearts sincerely touched with grief 

At half-past six o'clock, on that morning, stood before 
the entrance of the convent of the Capuchinas, three 
ordinary carriages, with a pair of not very elegant horses 
attached to each. The first one of those carriages was 
entered by Maximilian and Father Soria, a priest. The 
Emperor was dressed in a single-breasted black frock- 
coat, buttoned up save the last button ; black vest, neck- 
tie, and pants, ordinary boots, and a wide-brimmed hat. 

After the Emperor arrived at the carriage, he sent 
back for his physician. Dr. Samuel Basch. He desired 
to have some one that he believed to be his friend near 
him in the last moment. The Emperor sent for Dr. 
Basch t^vice, but the doctor did not appear. It was not 
because Dr. Basch did not wish to do him a favor; the 
attachment which endeared His Majesty so much to the 
doctor completely broke the spirits of the latter, and so 
unnerved him that he had not the heart to look upon 
the Emperor as the leaden messenger of death winged 
its way into his noble form. The doctor was a true 
friend to His Majesty: would that he had possessed 
more like him ! 

General Miramon and his accompanying priest occu- 
23ied the second carriage, and General Mejia and his 
priest the other. In the extreme advance of their mili- 
tary escort were five mounted men, one of whom was a 
corporal, a few paces in front of the others. Next fol- 



29-3 MAXIMILIAlSr, 

lowed a company of infantiy, composed of eighty men, 
who belonged to the regiment known as the " Supreme 
Powers ;" in their rear were the three carriages escorted 
by a battalion of Nuevo Leon infantiy^ one half of which 
flanked each side of the road, parallel with the vehicles. 
Then came a rear guard of two hundred and fifty 
mounted men, called Cazadores de Gahana (sharp- 
shooters of Galeana). 

Soon after those carriages were thus entered, they 
and their escorts moved slowly on, canying three 
noble men into the arms of death. What a contrast 
in the two pictures — that of His Majesty's entrance 
into Queretaro, and that of his departure therefrom ! 
The former was a glittering procession and triumphal 
entry ; the latter, a solemn march into the hands of the 
executioner, 

" Where Mexicans wrought their cruelty." 

The appointed place for that work of barbaiism was 
El Cerro de las Cam.panas (the Hill of the Bells), about 
one and a quarter mile northwest of the city. It was 
near that hill the Emperor and Mejia were taken prisoners. 
Are w^e to suppose that the conquerors were actuated by 
the same principles which governed the infuriated Eng- 
lish two centuries ago ? — that mob which, dethroned of 
reason, and wild w^ith vengeance and hate, executed 
Charles I. before Whitehall, near his own palace, to 
show the triumph of republicanism over royal majesty. 
Did the Mexicans hope to overrun the cup of sorrow by 
presenting to Maximilian's dying view the unfortuaate 
spot of his surrender? The English w^ould feign seal, 
up that part of their history. What will Mexicans 
hereafter think of their own past record ? 

While the corthc/e advanced to the place of execution, 
the faces of the surrounding multitude were pictured 



MAXIMILIAJq". 297 

witli sorrow. Crowds upon crowds rushed along, mourn- 
fully looking at the victims for the sacrifice, sheddin;]^ 
tears, offering up prayers, and holding up the cross as 
the true emblem of consolation. Could one have dropped 
suddenly from the clouds among that gathered concourse, 
he would have thought that a whole nation were in 
mourning. If ever there was j^i'oof of true affection 
from a whole people for living man it was then. It was 
not idle curiosity that assembled that mighty host. 
Their actions, their expressions of grief, their contempt 
exhibited toward the soldiery, were too apparent to de- 
ceive the observino; witness. 

About twenty minutes time brought the unfortunate 
men to their death-ground. His Majesty stepped out 
of his carriage and gave his hat and handkerchief, with 
which he wiped his face, to his servant, to carry to his 
mother and brother, and looked to see if any friend 
came, and asked if he was alone, to which the servant 
on the carriage said " Yes." He stroked down his ample 
beard, as was his frequent habit, and walked proudly to 
his place ; this was where the right-hand cross in the 
engraving herein stands, and is within about twenty feet 
of the wall in the rear, which is a 25art of the fortifica- 
tion erected by himself 

About three thousand soldiers stood in a square, so as 
to enclose the ground of execution on three sides, leav- 
ing the rear supported by the walk The centre cross 
marks the sj^ot where General Miramon stood, and the 
other the position of General Mejia. 

The Emperor gave to Lieutenant-Colonel Margain, on 
the 16th, for each of his seven executioners a twenty- 
dollar gold piece of money, with his profile thereupon. 

The victims embraced each other three times, the Em- 
peror saying that they Avould meet in Heaven. He also 
said to Miramon, " Brave men are respected by sover- 
eigns — permit me to give you the place of honor," pla- 



298 . J^rAXIMILIAN. 

cing him at the same time in the centre. Gen. Escobedo 
was not on the ground. He remained at his quarters. 

Each of the three victims had an opportunity of de- 
livering a farewell address. The Emperor spoke as 
follows : 

" Persons of my rank and birth are brought into the 
world either to insure the welfare of the people, or to 
die as martyrs. I did not come to Mexico from motives 
of ambition. I came at the earnest entreaty of those 
who desired the welfare of our country. Mexicans ! I 
pray that my blood may be the last to be shed for our 
unhappy country, and may it insure the happiness of 
the nation. Mexicans ! Long live Mexico !" 

General Mejia had previously requested General Esco- 
bedo to take care of his son, but at the time of his exe- 
cution he said nothing : his attitude was firm and resolute. 

Miramon drew from his pocket a small piece of paper, 
from which he read : 

" Mexicans ! behold me, condemned by a Council of 
War, and condemned to death as a traitor ! In these mo- 
ments which do not belong to me, in which my life is al- 
ready that of the Supreme Being, before the entire world 
I proclaim that I have never been a traitor to my country. 
I have defended my opinions, but my children will never 
be ashamed of their father. I have not the stain of 
treason, neither will it pass to my children. Mexicans ! 
Long live Mexico ! Long live the Emperor !" 

Just as Miramon was finishing, the Emperor placed 
liis hand on his breast, threw up his head, and gave the 
word — " Fire !" The executioners then discharged their 
guns. At each victim six soldiers fired simultaneously. 
The two Generals were killed immediately. The Emperor 



MAXIMILIAN. 299 

first received four bc^lls, three in tlie left breast, and one 
in the right ; — three passed through and came out of the 
shoukler. As they fired, Maximilian fell a little sideways, 
falling on his right side, causing a little bruise on the 
face and hip. And as he fell, he exclaimed, " Homhre ! 
Ilombre /" (O man ! O man ! ) This statement has been 
disputed by Baron Magnus, but he did not stand as near 
the victim as some other individuals, who heard more 
distinctly. After Maximilian had fallen, a soldier fired 
into his stomach, which caused him to move slightly ; 
then another shot sent a ball through his heart, produ- 
cing instant death. 

When the victims first entered the ground of execu- 
tion, the officer in command of the forces present read 
the followins: order to the surroundine: multitude ; 

" Soldiers : 

" In the name of the nation, he who solicits pardon 
for the three prisoners, or any of them, will be shot." 

Possibly, it may be denied that such an order was 
read ; but nevertheless it is true. A general in the Lib- 
eral army said that the law required such an order to be 
read. 

Thus passed away that good man, Ferdinand Maxi- 
milian I., Emperor of Mexico, from a corruptible to an 
incorruptible crown of glory. 

He died like the bravest. And well may it be said 
that 

" Never in moment most elate, 

Did that high spirit loftier rise ; 
While bright, serene, determinate, 

His looks were lifted to the skies, 
As if the signal fights of fate 

Were shining in those awful eyes ! 
'Tis come — his hour of martyi'dom 
In honor's sacred cause is come ; 



300 MAXIMILIAN^. 

And, though his life hath passed away^ 
Like hghtning on a stormy day, 
"Yet shall his death-hour leave a track 
Of gloiy, permanent and bright." 

It was apparent, even to a casual observer, that tlte 
spirit of revenge was running high, from the moment of 
the capture of Maximilian until he was murdered. The 
zeal and animosity engendered against a man of high 
rank, who had come from a foreign land, added to the 
raging violence of a civil war, so inflamed the minds of 
the Liberals that the voice of reason was unheard. 
Their victims were marked, the work must be done ; 
they could not be deprived of the sight of that Impe- 
rial blood which was to tinge their soil, gratify their 
savage spirit, and satisfy ''^justice and the peace of the 
nation^'' as by them considered requisite. 

No argument could be presented which they would 
admit savored of reason, if it had for its object the sav- 
ing of life. The officers of the army, from Generals 
down, with but few exceptions, were desirous that death 
should embrace the victims. If they were addressed on 
the subject by persons in favor of leniency, they exhib- 
ited the greatest acrimony of expression which their 
abilities were capable of forming. You could not go 
among the officers without inhaling the breath of ven- 
geance. It seemed as though they had turned around 
and looked the dark ages in the face, that they might 
bring up the same scenes then witnessed, for the review 
of the present century. That they equalled them in 
barbarity cannot be doubted by civilized nations. The 
ideas of toleration, the mild and charitable spirit taught 
by Christianity in the present age, entirely escaped their 
thoughts. In short, such ideas were repugnant to their 
sentiments of justice. A photograph of the pagan 
world would present a view not unlike that of to-day, 
within the jurisdiction of Mexico. 



MAXIMILIAN. 801 

I desire not to he understood as applying this to all 
Mexicans ; there are many exceptions. There are many 
in the Liberal party that were opposed to taking the life 
of Maximilian. The officers of the army were furious. 
The common soldier hardly expressed an opinion on the 
subject of his execution. I believe the majority of 
them were not in favor of it. One officer high in com- 
mand, had been in favor of the execution of the Empe- 
ror ; but, when he received a telegram stating that the 
execution had taken place, he observed to a friend of 
mine that it made him feel sick for several days. He 
would have gladly restored him, had such a thing been 
possible. ^Fhen reason was brought to bear coolly, 
the conclusion was correct. I think that there are thou- 
sands of Mexicans who deeply regret the act. Some 
brutal Mexicans, near the frontier, fired cannon in com- 
memoration of the execution. It would be a sad reflec- 
tion on civilization, if the death of a man should cause 
rejoicing, even when every principle of law and justice 
would justify the deprivation of life. 

Cruelty is a plant that took root in Mexico long ago, 
and the scythe of civilization has made but little ad- 
vancement toward its destruction. 



CHAPTER XV. 

Order to embalm the body— Mode of embalming— Bequests for the corpse- 
Denials— Written request granted— Corpse delivered to Austrian authori- 
ties — Departure of same for Europe. 

PRIOR to the execution of the Emperor, the Gov- 
ernment of the Republic had been solicited to per- 
mit his remains to be so prepared that they could be sent 
out of the country, and also to allow the transportation 
thereof to the family of Maximilian in Europe. 

His Majesty wrote a letter to that effect, on the six- 
teenth of June, to Seiior Don Carlos Rubio, and also one 
on the eighteenth, to General Escobedo, in which he 
requested that his physician, Dr. Samuel Basch, be per- 
mitted to embalm his body ; and, in conjunction with 
Baron A. Y. Magnus, to take it to his family relatives 
in Austria. 

That request was not wholly acceded to ; but with a 
view of having the body so preserved that it might be 
in a proper condition to convey away, provided that 
right should thereafter be granted, the Government for- 
warded the following instructions in relation thereto, to 
General Escobedo : 

" Telegram— San Luis Potosi, June 18th, 1867. At 
nine o'clock of the morning : 

" C. General Mariano Escobedo, Queretaro : 

" The Government has been asked that, as soon as 
the execution of Maximilian shall have taken place, 
permission be granted to dispose of the body, with the 
intention of carrying it to Europe. 



MAXIMILIAX. 803 

" This has not been permitted ; but in consideration of 
the petition, the C. President of the Republic has ordered 
that you will proceed in conformity with the following 
instructions : 

'■''First. After the execution of the three convicted 
persons shall have taken place, if the relatives of D. M. 
Miramon and D. T. Mejia should ask to dispose of their 
bodies, you will permit them immediately freely to 
do so. 

" Second. You only will order what may be necessary 
respecting the body of Maximilian, denying anybody 
else the right to make any disposition thereof 

" Third. You will order to be made, within the proper 
time, boxes of zinc and wood, to preserve in a proper 
manner the body of Maximilian ; and also those of D. 
M. Miramon and D. T. Mejia, if their relatives do not 
ask for them. 

" Fourth. If any person should ask that he be permitted 
to embalm or inject the body of Maximilian, or to do any- 
thing else which may not be improper, you will refuse 
the right to any other person to do the same ; but in 
such a case, you will provide, Avithout prohibiting the 
presence of foreigners, that it be done by Mexicans, in, 
whom you have confidence, and that every thing be 
done in proper manner, at the expense of the govern- 
ment. 

" Fifth. After the execution shall have taken place, 
you will provide that care be immediately taken of the 
body of Maximilian, and also of the others, if their rela- 
tives do not ask for them, and that proper decorum be 
paid them after the fulfilment of justice. 

" Sixth. You will direct that the body of Maximilian 
be deposited in a proper and secure place, under the 
vigilance of the authorities. 

" Seventh. For the final rest of the bodv of Maximil- 



304 , MAXIMILIAry'. 

ian, and of the others, if their relatives do not ask for 

them, you will provide that the accustomed religious 

acts be performed. 

"Lekdo de Tejada." 



Baron de Largo, the Austrian charge cVai/ aires near 
the Empire of Maximilian, having, among others of the 
diplomatic corps, been ordered away from Queretaro, 
went to Tacubaya, and remained until the city of Mexico 
surrendered. He sent the following message to the 
President of the Republic : 

"Telegram — From Tacubaya, for San Luis Potosi. 
Deposited in Tacubaya the 19th of June, 1867. 

" Received in Potosi, at nine o'clock and 25 minutes 
of the night, the 20th of June. 

" C. President : 

" I pray you to concede to me the body of Maxi- 
milian, in order that I may convey it to Europe. 

" Bakon de Laego." 

The following reply thereto was given by the Minister 
of Foreis:n Affairs : 

" Telegram— San Luis Potosi, June 20th, 1867, at 10 
o'clock and 15 minutes of the night. 

" To Sexor Baeon de Laego : 

" The President of the Republic has directed me to 

say to you, in answer to your telegram of yesterday, 

which was received this evening, that for grave reasons 

the right cannot be granted you to dispose of the body 

of Maximilian. 

" S. Leedo de Tejada." 



MAXIMILIAN. 305 

On the 19th, immediately after the execution of the 
Emperor, his body was transported back to the convent, 
whence it went forth with breathing life scarcely an 
hour before. That lifeless corpse presented a ghastly 
sight to the few surrounding friends that had been near 
it when it was the tenement of the bright soul that 
had already winged its fxight with more than the wild 
lightning's speed to mingle with others around the 
heavenly throne. Alas ! what an hour may bring forth ! 
It was a mournful proof that there is one event unto 
all. 

The work of preservation was forthwith commenced 
by Drs. Rivadeneyra and Licea, in the presence of Dr. 
Basch ; the latter having no right to dictate as to the 
mode of procedure in the embalming, but only to make 
suggestions. The physicians had no naphtha to use in 
the work, but injected chloride of zinc into the arteries 
and veins, having taken out the intestines, heart, liver, 
lungs, etc., leaving the fi*ame by itself. That operation 
lasted three days. During these nights the body was 
kept in alcohol, save the head. It was varnished twice, 
each time occupying two days in drying, and was hung- 
up for that purpose. linearly eight days were occupied 
in completing the process of embalming. 

All the parts taken from the interior of the body 
were prepared by being mixed with the powder of tan- 
nin and gauls. 

The body was afterward dressed in black pants, mil- 
itary boots, with the blue camj^aign coat which the de- 
ceased wore, with plain gilt buttons, buttoned up to the 
neck ; black neck-tie, and black kid gloves. Black glass 
eyes were placed over his natural ones. Glass e^^es of 
the color of Maximilian's could not be obtained. Rob- 
bing the face of a portion of its whiskers, and the head 
of its hair, and changing the color of the eyes, have 
somewhat disfigured the remains. 



306 MAXIMILIA?^-. 

The coffin in which the body was placed was made of 
cedar and lined with zinc. Within the metallic lining- 
was another of cambric. Under the head was placed a 
black velvet pillow trimmed with gold thread, with 
gilt tassels at the four corners. The exterior of the cof- 
fin was covered with black velvet, ornamented with 
bands of gold lace. The cover over the face was of 
glass. Near the foot of the coffin and parallel with it 
were two small compartments, one on each side, and 
about two feet in length. In the one on the left side were 
deposited the heart, liver, and lungs ; and in the other 
the remainder of the substances taken from the in- 
terior of the body, all which were mixed with charcoal 
and chloride of lime. 

The coffin thus arranged, with its contents, was placed 
in one of the churches at Queretaro, and subsequently 
moved to the Governor's quarters. For the first two or 
three weeks after the embalming the body looked toler- 
ably well ; but a month's time darkened it, and it soon 
gave increasing evidence that the work of attempted 
preservation had been badly done. While in the quar- 
ters of the Governor, it was seen with the glass cover 
cracked and spotted with candle-grease, as though 
stowed away like so much worthless trash. 

Baron Magnus — who had been most faithful to the 
Emperor during his imprisonment, and was still anxious 
to render favors to the family of the deceased, as well as 
to carry out his own desires — presented the following 
solicitation to the Minister of Foreig^n Relations : 



o 



" San Luis Potosi, June 29th, 1867. 
" Sir : The prisoner Prince at Queretaro, the evening 
before his death, expressed, in a letter signed by his 
hand and directed to General Escobedo, the desire that 
his mortal remains be confided to us, myself and Dr. 
Samuel Basch, physician of the deceased, in order that 



MAXIMILIAN. 807 

Dr. Basch might accompany the body to Europe, and 
that I might charge myself with having the body em- 
balmed, as well as with all that which concerns its 
transportation to Europe. 

" In conformity with the will of the deceased Prince, 
which he expressed to me verbally, the transportation of 
his remains should be done without any ostentation, and 
in such a manner as may carefully avoid anything which 
might excite demonstrations or even public curiosity 
alone. 

"Reiterating, in consequence, the demand which I 
have had the honor to express to His Excellency, to 
please cause the necessary orders to be given that the 
mortal remains may be confided to me ; it would be 
agreeable to me, should it please the Government, to 
transport the body to the coast and on board of one of 
the vessels of the Austrian navy stationed at Vera 
Cruz. 

*' I avail myself of this occasion to repeat to Your 
Excellency the assurance of my high consideration, 

" A. Y. Magnus. 
" His Excellency D. Sebastian 
Lerdo de Tejada." 

The minister responded to the foregoing communica- 
tion with the following note : 

" San Luis Potosi, June 30th, 1867. 
" To Senor Baron A. Y. Magnus, &c., &c., &g. 

" Sir : I received the communication which you were 
pleased to direct to me yesterday, stating that the 
Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian of Hapsburg, on the 
evening before his death, expressed the desire that 
his mortal remains should be confided to you and Dr. 
Samuel Basch, to transport them to Europe. 

" Accordino: to what I had the honor to manifest to 



o 



308 MAXIMILIAN. 

you before, the Government of the Republic believes 
that for various considerations it cannot permit the 
mortal remains of the Archduke to be carried to Europe. 

" For this reason, I am pained to answer you, that the 
Government cannot give the orders which you have de- 
sired, with that end. 

" I avail myself of this occasion to repeat to you, Senor 
Baron, that I am, very respectfully, 

" Your obedient servant, 

" S. Lekdo de Tejada." 

The body of the Emperor was again solicited on the 
part of his physician in the following terms : 

" C. Lekdo de Tejada, Minister of Government and of 
Foreign Relations : 

" The undersigned, with due respect, has the honor to 
present to you. Citizen Minister, that : 

" As private physician to the deceased Archkduke 
Maximilian, I was charged by him to carry his body to 
Europe, with the object of delivering it to his family. 

" That such was his will is shown by the letter signed 
by himself, which on the 16th of June last past he di- 
rected to D. Carlos Rubio, in Queretaro, and a copy of 
which I have the honor to annex hereto (Sub. A), as 
well as the letter of the 18th of the same month, the 
original of Avhich is in the hands of C. General Esco- 
bedo, as it is shown by the letter of C. Colonel Ricardo 
Villanueva, which (Sub. B) is found hereto annexed. 

" The fulfilment of this request I consider a sacred 
duty, and I hasten in its performance to solicit you. Cit- 
izen Minister, to be pleased to grant that the above-men- 
tioned body be delivered to me ; supporting this solicita- 
tion by the fact that, by a superior order, the bodies of 
his companions in misfortune have been delivex'ed to the 



MAXIMlLIAlSr. SO 9 

families, and that never, and in no time, has the supreme 
government refused to deliver any corpse to the rela- 
tives who asked for it. 

" I beg, finally, that you will condescend to answer 
my respectful solicitation, whatever that answer maybe, 
in order that, on returning to my country, I may be able 
to justify myself before the family of the deceased Arch- 
duke, in having done on my part all that I could to suc- 
ceed in transporting the body in question. 

" Which will be received as a favor from you by 

" Your most respectful servant, 

" Dr. Samuel Basch. 

*' C. MlNISTEK. 

" Mexico, July 27tli, 1867." 

The above petition produced the following response : 

" Minister of Foreign Relations and of Government. 
Department of Government, Section 1st. 

" In view of your petition of day before yesterday's 
date, for permission to convey to Europe the mortal re- 
mains of the Archduke Maximilian, the C. President of 
the Republic has determined that for various and grave 
considerations the ^^etition cannot be acceded to. 

"Independence and Liberty. Mexico, July 29, 1867. 

" Lerdo de Tejada. 
" To Dr. Samuel Basch." 

The following message was sent by the Military Com- 
mander of Vera Cruz to the Minister of War ; 

" Telegram — From Vera Cruz to Mexico. Received 
in Mexico the 26th of August, 1867, at 7 o'clock and 29 
minutes of the nic^ht. 



310 MAXIMILIAN. 

" C. Minister of War : 

" The Austrian Admiral, Tegethoff, arrived this morn- 
ing at Sacrificios, in the war-steamer of his nation, * MHz- 
cibeth.'' He sent a message to this military command, 
stating that he desired to pass to the Capital, and to 
obtain permission from the Supreme Government to 
carry away the body of Maximilian. I desire to know 
whether I must prohibit his going to Mexico. 

" Zerega." 

The answer sent was as follows : 

" Telegram — Office of Minister of War and Navy, 
Mexico, August 26th, 1867. 

" Citizen Military Commander of Yera Cruz : 

" The President of the Republic has been informed 
that Admiral Tegethoff has arrived at that port, and 
that he desires to pass to this Capital. You can let him 
pass without objection. 

" Mejia." 

Messrs. Mariano Riva Palacio and Rafael Martinez de 
la Torre, two of the counsel of Maximilian, presented 
themselves before the Minister of Foreign Relations on 
the third of September, and stated to him that Admiral 
Tegethoff had arrived, and that he desired an interview 
with him, the Minister. 

The request was granted, and the hour of five on that 
afternoon was designated for an audience. 

At the appointed time, the Admiral, accompanied by 
the two mentioned counsel, appeared before the Minis- 
ter, and said that he had come to Mexico with the object 
of asking of the Government of the Republic permission 
to carry away the mortal remains of the Archduke Max 
imilian. 

Mr. Lerdo, the Minister, replied that he would submit 



MAXIMILIA*^. 311 

the ]3etition to the President of the Republic ; and in 
order that he might take it into consideration, the Min- 
ister requested the Admiral to be pleased to state in 
what character he made the solicitation. 

The Admiral said that when he determined to come 
to Mexico, it was considered that it would appear better 
to the Government of the Republic that he should not 
come on an official mission from the Government of Aus- 
tria ; but only with a private charge from the family ; 
for the natural feelings of affection and piety create 
the strongest desire to possess and honor the mor- 
tal remains of the Archduke. That in consideration 
thereof, he had only come with a private charge from the 
mother of the Archduke, and from his brother, H. M. the 
Emperor of Austria. 

In response to an observation of the Minister, the Ad- 
miral also remarked that he had brought no written 
document, and that his charge was given to him ver- 
bally. He added, that were it necessary, he was ready 
to state in writinsf that he had come with such a charg^e. 

The Minister concluded by saying that he would sub- 
mit to him, on the following day, the determination of 
the President. 

On the 4th, the same counsel and the Admiral re- 
turned to the palace ; on which occasion, the Minister 
of Foreign Relations stated to them as follows : 

" That the permission to carry away the mortal re- 
mains of the Archduke had been asked before, by Baron 
Largo, Charge cF Affaires of Austria near Maximilian ; 
by Baron Magnus, Prussian Minister, near him ; and by 
Dr. Basch, physician of the Archduke. That the Gov- 
ernment answered the three, that it had reasons for not 
acceding to their petition. It so answered, because the 
Government believed it to be its duty ; that in order to 
decide whether it would permit the transfer to Austria, 



312 MAXIMILIAN. 

of the body of the Archduke, it would be necessary to 
have for consideration, either an official document from 
the Government of Austria, or an express one from the 
family of the Archduke, asking for the body, from the 
Government of the Republic. 

" That although the Vice- Admiral, by his social posi- 
tion in Austria, and by his personal circumstances, is 
worthy of the consideration of the Government of Mexi- 
co, it cannot decide to permit the carrying away of the 
body of the Archduke, considering that he has brought 
no document in which is contained any of those two 
requisites necessary in the case. And that the President 
of the Republic has authorized the Minister of Relations 
to say to the Vice-Admiral Tegethoff, that when any 
of the two requisites are fulfilled, either by an official 
act of the Austrian Government, or by an express one 
from the family, asking for the body of the Archduke, 
the Government of the Republic will be ready to permit 
that it be transferred to Austria, being governed by the 
natural feelings of piety through which the petition will 
be made. 

" That the Government ordered opportunely that the 
body should be embalmed, and that it should be depos- 
ited and preserved with the care and decorum which a 
body merits ; which was done through the same natural 
feelings of piety. 

" Lerdo de Tejada." 

Not many days had elapsed after the termination of 
the foregoing correspondence relative to the body of 
Maximilian, Avhen the same w^as transported to the city 
of Mexico, and deposited in the San Andres Hospital. 
It was soon observed that decay was working so rapidly 
upon it, that it became necessary to make some prepa- 
ration to arrest its progress. When the cloth bandages 
were taken off for that purpose, the smell of putrefaction 



MAXIMILIAN. 313 

issuing from the wounded places was sickening. It was 
bathed for some time in a solution of arsenic, which 
assisted in its preservation for a short while ; but it was 
apparent that it would not long be recognizable. The 
face was much sunken in, and the whole features were 
gradually changing. There was a prevailing opinion that 
the Government was ashamed to let the world know the 
true condition of the corpse ; hence the unwillingness 
to let any one view it. If any particular friend obtained 
a permit from the Government to see it, he did not suc- 
ceed in so doing. The keeper gave some excuse, and it 
so turned out in every instance, that the seeking indi- 
vidual was frustrated in his plan. In fact, I was in- 
formed that the keeper in charge of the corpse had 
received positive orders to allow no one to see it, al- 
though the persons presenting themselves there for that 
purpose should bring written permission from the high- 
est officer in the Government. 

After the second process of attempted preservation 
of the body was completed, it was attired in a suit of 
black, and laid in a new coffin made of granadilla wood, 
which was elegantly polished, and ornamented with a 
few carvings. 

On the 9th of November the corpse was delivered to 
Vice-Admiral Tegethoff by the Mexican Government, 
after the following official correspondence in relation 
thereto : 

Gomit Beust to the Mexican Minister. 

" ViEOTTA, 8e'pt. 25, 1867. 

"Excellency: A premature death having torn the 
Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian from his relatives, his 
Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty has the very 
natural desire that the mortal remains of his unfortunate 
brother may find their last repose beneath the vault tliat 

14 



314 maximilia:^'. 

covers the ashes of the princes belonging to the house 
of Austria. The father, the mother, and the remaining 
brothers of the august deceased share in this desire with 
an equal earnestness, as likewise do all the members of 
the Imperial family. 

" The Emperor, my august master, has the confidence 
that the Mexican government, listening to sentiments 
of humanity, will not refuse to mitigate the just grief of 
His Majesty by facilitating the realization of this desire. 

" To that end, Vice-Admiral de Tegethoif has been 
sent to Mexico with orders to address to the President a 
petition for the delivery to him of the remains of His 
Imperial Majesty's beloved brother, so that they can be 
conveyed to Europe. On my part, I am charged, in my 
capacity as Minister of the Imperial Household, to re- 
quest the kind interposition of your Excellency for the 
object of securing for the Vice- Admiral the authority 
necessary to that eifect. 

" I have the honor. Excellency, of asking that you will 
convey, in anticipation, to the Chief Executive the ex- 
pression of gratitude on tlie part of the august Imperial 
family for the granting of this petition ; and accept for 
yourself the expression of that same gratitude for the 
good offices which you may have to perform. 

" I avail myself of this occasion to present to your 
Excellency the assurances of my high consideration, 

^ Beust, 
Chancellor of the Empire, and IVIinister of 
the Imperial Household. 

Beply of Senor Lerdo de Tejada. 

" Department foe, Foreign Affairs, ) 
Mexico, Noi). 4, 1867. S 

" Excellency : Vice-Admiral de Tegethoif has deliv- 
ered to me the note which your Excellency addressed 
me on September 25 last. 



MAXIMILIAX. 315 

" Your Excellency informs me therein that His Ma- 
jesty the Emperor of Austria has the very natural wish 
that the mortal remains of his brother, the Archduke 
Ferdinand Maximilian, may find their last repose beneatli 
the vault that covers the ashes of the princes belonging 
to the house of Austria ; that the father, the mother, 
and the remaining brothers of the deceased Archduke 
share in this desire, as do likewise all the members of 
the ImiDcrial family ; and that His Majesty the Emperor 
having the confidence that the Mexican government will, 
out of sentiments of humanity, facilitate the realization 
of this request, has sent to Mexico the Yice-Admiral de 
Tegethoff to solicit of the President permission to con- 
vey tlie Archduke's remains to Europe. 

" Fully imjDressed with the just sentiments set forth 
in your Excellency's note, the President of the Republic 
has not hesitated to take measures so that the natural 
request of His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, and of 
the Imperial family, may be duly heeded and carried out 
with distinguished consideration. In accordance with 
the dispositions of the President, I have made known to 
Yice-Admiral de Tegethofi" that the mortal remains of 
the Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian shall be at once 
delivered to his care, in order to convey them to Austria, 
and thus accomj^lish the object of his mission. 

" I have the honor. Excellency, to assure you of my 
most distinguished consideration. 

" S. Lerdo de Tejada. 

*' To his Excellency Count of Beust, Chan- 
cellor of the Empire, and Minister of the 
Imperial Household of Austria, Vienna. " 

On the 10th of November, Yice-Admiral Tegethoff^ 
several other Austrian ofiicers, and a Mexican force of a 
hundred men, escorted the remains of Maximilian from 
the city of Mexico, and reached Yera Cruz on the 25th, 



316 MAXIMILIAN. 

at four o'clock, p. m. The Ayiintamiento of Vera Cruz 
met the cortege at Potrero, about two miles distant from 
the city, and returned with it. The coffin was deposited 
in the Parochial church until six o'clock the next morn- 
ing, whence it was removed to the Austrian war-steamer 
N'ovara^ en route for Vienna. The saloon was draped 
in mourning ; in the centre of which, a table covered 
with black cloth, supported the coffin. At the head 
was erected an altar bearinsj a cross with the imag^e of 
the Saviour ; on the right, hung the Austrian flag ; on 
the left, the Mexican; — both with drapery of black 
dro'oped uj^on the coffin — over all which laid a sword. 
Around the coffin stood six large silver candlesticks, 
supporting each a large lighted wax-candle. Two armed 
sentinels stood near by, day and night. 

At about nine o'clock that mornina;, relio-ious service 
was performed; and at one o'clock, p. m., the JVovarct 
steamed from the Mexican coast for Plavana, arrivino; 
there on the first day of December. The Cuban Gov- 
ernment had made extensive preparations for imposing 
obsequies, and communicated with Admiral Tegethoff 
in relation thereto. The Admiral replied that his in- 
structions would not permit him to allow any funeral 
pom23. 

The N'ovara remained in that port until six o'clock, 
p. M., of the 4th, when she weighed anchor and sailed 
for Austria. 

Large crowds of peoj^le had gathered upon the 
wharves, in little boats, and at the windows, long before 
the hour of departure. At half past five, the bands on 
the two Spanish war-steamers Gerona and Tetuan, com- 
menced to play funeral marches. On ships and forts, 
waved at half-mast the Austrian and Spanish colors, 
wreathed with black crape. And as the N'ovara 
ploughed the water out into the sea, all the Government 
bands united to freight the air with martial funeral 



maximilia:n^. 317 

notes. The Austrian fleet in the Levant have been or- 
dered to return to escort the JSfovara as she nears the 
Austrian coast. 

It will be remembered that the N'ovara carried Maxi- 
milian and Carlota to their new home when both were 
in blooming health and in high spirits, as the elected 
Sovereigns over many subjects. 

But how changed ! That Emperor is now a subject 
of " Death ! great proprietor of aU." The humble clay 
of that once noble chief has crossed the bounding main 
to his native land again, where father, mother, brother, 
and others of imperial and royal blood, await its coming 
in mourning and sorrow ; where the heaving sigh and 
moistened cheek can but faintly attest the depth of 
smothered grief; where the monumental stone shall 
mark the final rest of Maximilian I. 

" Deep for tlie dead the grief must be, 
Who ne'er gave cause to mourn before." 



THE END. 



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